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370 J.HandmerandJ.Nalau
Intolerable
Tolerable
Acceptable Activities aimed at ‘holding the line’, enabling
livelihoods to continue, while curative, reactive
efforts are required to support the additional cost
attributable to climate change
Baseline Residual Risk
Whatever measures have been
implemented regarding current risks
curative part becomes
involuntary, forced migration
Voluntary and Involuntary
2 C
2080-2100
Present Near term
2030-2040 4 C
2080-2100 Adaptation & DRR
Curative L&D
Risk space Options space
Activities aimed at ‘holding the
line’, enabling livelihoods to
continue, while curative,
reactive efforts are required to
support the additional cost
attributable to climate change
Fig.15.2 Visualisation of risk and options spaces for the SWPacific.Drawing onMechler and
Schinko (2016)
servicessuchashealthandeducation.Naturalhazardscanbethefinal triggerfor the
relocationprocess for communities already suffering fromenvironmental degrada-
tionorlackofaccesstoservices,whothendecidetomove(Connell2011).Commonly
identified additional push factors formigration for example inMicronesia include
earnings at home, potential earnings abroad, and the costs ofmigration…poverty
and hardship; unemployment; lowwages; high fertility; poor health and education
services; conflict, insecurity and violence; governance issues; human rights abuse;
andpersecutionanddiscrimination (Pacific InstituteofPublicPolicy2010,p.3).
Much has beenwritten on relocation and climatemigrants and refugees in the
Pacific context (Barnett andO’Neil 2012; Campbell et al. 2005;McAdam2012),
howevermuch of this discussion has not necessarily fed into the L&Dagenda or
to research and policy on adaptation limits (Barnett et al. 2015; Nalau and Leal
Filho 2018). The concept of adaptation constraints in the Pacific context relates to
factors, which currently impede progress in implementing adaptation (Klein et al.
2014).Suchconstraintscouldinprinciplebeovercomeby,forexample,strengthening
institutional cooperation andcloser alignment of relevant policies and frameworks,
suchas integratingclimateadaptationanddisaster riskreduction(Nalauetal.2016)
orincreasingtheavailabilityandcapacitytoaccessrelevantinformationfordecision-
making (Nalauet al. 2017a).
Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Title
- Loss and Damage from Climate Change
- Subtitle
- Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Authors
- Reinhard Mechler
- Laurens M. Bouwer
- Thomas Schinko
- Swenja Surminski
- JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer
- Publisher
- Springer Open
- Date
- 2019
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-72026-5
- Size
- 16.0 x 24.0 cm
- Pages
- 580
- Keywords
- Environment, Climate change, Environmental law, Environmental policy, Risk management
- Categories
- International
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima