Page - 377 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

15 UnderstandingLossandDamage inPacificSmall Island… 377 scientificandheavilydependentoneconomicassessments,oneshouldnot losesight of suchdimensions suchaspeople’s senseof place, that should alsobe captured at some level andwhat losingparticularplacesmeans. In the Pacific context, understanding the traditional governance arrangements anddecision-makingprocesses remainsamissingdimensionasmostof theadapta- tionscience focuseson theWestminster systemofgovernance (Nalauet al. 2017b). However,adaptationdecisions,anddecisionsregardingL&D,arealsoverymuchin therealmoftraditionalchieflysystemsatthecommunitylevelincountrieslikeSamoa (Brown2015;Parsonset al. 2017b).Ensuring robust climate riskmanagement, and theavailabilityand robustnessofoptions,needs toensure thatbothsystemsofgov- ernanceare involved.Thisalso includes the roleofTraditionalKnowledgeandhow it togetherwith scientificknowledgecanbeused tomakeadaptationmore relevant in thePacificcontext (Parsonset al. 2016,2017a;Chamberset al. 2017). External support toboost the climate riskmanagement options space coulduse- fullytaketheformofadditionalopportunitiesforemploymentoverseas,andsupport todeveloplocalmarkets toenhancepeople’s livelihoodchoices. Intherealmoffood security, thereareanumberofstrategiesandinitiatives,whichcaninfluencepeople’s opportunitiestosustainagriculture-basedlivelihoodsontheislands.Undertheframe ofclimateriskmanagement,investingandexperimentingwithmoreclimateresistant crops is a strategy,which development agencies, such asGIZ (German agency for international development), have begun to use in order to increase food and liveli- hoodsecurity inVanuatu.Therearealsostrategiessuchasdrip irrigation,whichcan potentiallytransformsomeoftheapparentadaptationlimitsfacingpopulationstoday. New technological solutions are forthcoming andhence anydiscussion on adapta- tion limitsandL&Dshouldalsoconsider thosepotential innovativeapproaches that enablecommunities to thriveunderapparent constraints and limits. Acknowledgements DrNalau’scontributionsweresupportedbyagrant fromaprivatecharitable trust. References Aerts JCJH (2017) Climate-induced migration: Impacts beyond the coast. Nat Clim Change 7(5):315–316 BarberR (2015)One size doesn’t fit all: Tailoring the international response to the national need followingVanuatu’sCyclone Pam.A contribution to the PacificRegionalConsultation for the WorldHumanitarianSummitSavetheChildrenAustralia,CAREInternational,OxfamAustralia, andWorldVision Barnett J,O’NeillSJ (2012) Islands, resettlementandadaptation.NatClimChange2(1):8–10 Barnett J,EvansLS,GrossC,KiemAS,KingsfordRT,Palutikof JP,PickeringCM,SmithersSG (2015)Frombarriers to limits to climate change adaptation: path dependency and the speedof change.EcolSoc20(3) BirkmannJD,SetiadiNJ,SuarezDC,WelleT,WolfertzJ,DickerhofR,MuckeP,RadtkeK(2011) Worldriskreport2011.UnitedNationsUniversityInstituteforEnvironmentandHumanSecurity, Berlin