Page - 444 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

444 M.LandauerandS. Juhola It has been argued that in order to understand limits to adaptation, the tradi- tional instrumental andmanagement-oriented viewof adaptation in social systems shouldberevisited(Sejersen2012).Nowadays,climatechangeisusedasaplatform to address issues of justice, development and self-determination, which are issues already known from the past, where, however, scales, causations, and agency dif- feredaspointedoutbySejersen(2012).Incaseofadaptation(whetherduetoclimate changeor other changes), the focus is onmoving from“how to adapt”, to “who to become”whenadapting (ibid:195).Onequestion shouldbeadded to this list:what happens‘beyondadaptation’?Butwhatthesechangesandimpactsofclimatechange in theArcticmean globally is still unknown tomany.Whatwe know is thatmore knowledge and resources to dealwith climate change impacts faced byvulnerable communities is neededand learning from theArctic couldbe a forerunner case for the internationaldebateonLossandDamage. Acknowledgements Wewould like to thankInformationSpecialistM.Sc.MariaSöderholmfrom AaltoUniversity (Finland) forher support in themaindatacollectionprocedure for thesystematic literature review, andLibraryManagerDr.MichaelaRossini from IIASA(Austria) for additional support indatacollection. References ADN(AlaskaDispatchPublishing)(2016)BehindObama’s$400millionbudgetrequesttorelocate entireAlaskavillages.https://www.adn.com/rural-alaska/article/behind-obamas-400-million-bu dget-request-relocate-entire-alaska-villages/2016/02/10/.Accessed30July2018 AMAP(2017)Snow,water, ice andpermafrost in theArctic. Summary for policy-makers.Arctic MonitoringandAssessmentProgramme(AMAP) report. https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/ Snow-Water-Ice-and-Permafrost.-Summary-for-Policy-makers/1532.Accessed30July2018 Amstislavski P et al (2013) Effects of increase in temperature and openwater on transmigration and access to health care by theNenets reindeer herders in northernRussia. Int JCircumpolar Health72(1):21183 ArcticClimateImpactAssessment(2005)Arcticclimateimpactassessmentscientificreport.Cam- bridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge.http://amap.no/acia/.Accessed30July2018 BronenR(2015)Climate-inducedcommunityrelocations:usingintegratedsocial-ecologicalassess- ments to foster adaptationand resilience.EcolSoc20(3):36 BronenR,ChapinFS(2013)Adaptivegovernanceand institutional strategies for climate-induced community relocations inAlaska.ProcNatlAcadSci110(23):9320–9325 BrunnerRDetal (2004)AnArcticdisaster and itspolicy implications.Arctic57(4):336–346 Cameron ES (2012) Securing Indigenous politics: a critique of the vulnerability and adaptation approach to the human dimensions of climate change in the Canadian Arctic. Glob Environ Change22(1):103–114 CarmackEet al (2012)Detecting and copingwith disruptive shocks inArcticmarine systems: a resilienceapproach toplaceandpeople.Ambio41(1):56–65 Carothers C et al (2014)Measuring perceptions of climate change in northern Alaska: pairing ethnographywithcultural consensusanalysis.EcolSoc19(4):27 ChampalleCetal (2015)Prioritizingclimatechangeadaptations inCanadianArcticcommunities. Sustainability7(7):9268–9292 ChinowskyPSet al (2010)Adaptive climate response costmodels for infrastructure. J Infrastruct Sys16(3):173–180