Page - 523 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

22 Technology forClimate Justice… 523 Table 22.2 gives anoverviewof actions that public or private actors can take to reduce, retain, transferor absorbclimate risk (SubsidiaryBody for Implementation 2012) by giving examples that are drawn from the case study on EWS. For each action, we explain the objective in terms of addressing loss and damage.We also indicate for both the private and public action if the technology required is basic, intermediate or advanced.Thefirst columnofTable 22.2 situates the actionwithin the spectrumof policy options. Boyd et al. (2017) and the chapter by James et al. (2018) explain how different actor perspectives on L&D result in different ideas aboutwhatpolicyoptionsareavailable foraddressingL&D,bothexante toaddress theriskof lossesanddamagesandexpost toaddress impacts thathavematerialised. They distinguish the adaptation andmitigation, the riskmanagement, the limits to adaptationandtheexistentialperspective;wefocusontheriskmanagementand the limits toadaptationperspectives toconstruct theoverview. 22.4 ReportingFrameworks forGlobal,Regional,National andLocalPolicies Wenowturn toanalysingkeyglobal agreementswith their corresponding regional, national and local counterparts regarding their transparencymechanisms in relation to lossesanddamagesandtechnologyasameansof implementation.Astrackingof thepost-2015agreements has startedonly to a limited extent,we include reporting under thepre-2015agreements inouranalysis. GlobalAgreementsandRiskManagement Figure 22.3 shows how the risk of losses and damages is associatedwith climate change and climate variability. These risks canbe reduced, retained, transferred or addressed through climate action. There are threemajor global agreementswhich guide climate actions andpriorities in addressing climate risks to different extents: theParisAgreementonClimateAction(UNFCCC2015), theSendaiFrameworkfor DisasterRiskReduction (UNISDR2015) and the SustainableDevelopmentGoals (SDG)(UN2015),allagreedin2015.TheParisAgreementdistinguishesthreepillars ofclimateaction:mitigation,adaptationandL&D.Mitigationwill reducelossesand damagesbyslowingdownclimatechange.Adaptationwill reducerisks,butwithout changing the level of climate change, and result in avoided losses and damage. The L&Dpillar addresses losses and damages as they occur, losses and damages thatmitigation failed to reduce and thatwere beyond the scope of adaptation (van derGeest andWarner 2015; see introductionbyMechler et al. 2018).Climate risk management (CRM) is an integration of traditional approaches of climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) as well as transformational actions,andaimstoprovidestakeholderswithrelevantdecision-support information and tools to faceclimate risks (IISD2011; seealsochaptersbyHandmerandNalau 2018;Heslinetal.2018;Heslin2018;Haqueetal.2018;LandauerandJuhola2018). Comprehensive riskmanagement is usedasabroader term that includes all actions aimedat reducing risk regardlessof cause.