Page - 529 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

22 Technology forClimate Justice… 529 tation and support needs, plans and actions. Standardised indicators for adaptation may be useful tomake comparisons across countries possible, but are considered more complex thanmitigation indicators, as the impact of climate change varies greatly fromone country to another. It is important tomake adaptationgoalsmore specificandtobuildonmonitoringapproachesfromdifferentsectors (Transparency Partnership 2017). The transparency framework also aims at aggregating reporting onsupportofferedand received, andgraduallyconverging the reviewarrangements for developed and developing countries (ECBI 2017). The facilitative dialogue in 2018supports thedevelopmentof the transparencyframeworkandalsomakesclear how it links to the global stocktake, the collective stocktaking of progress towards achieving the paris agreement, whichwill start for the first time in 2023 andwill considerNDCssubmitted in2020 for theperiod2026–2030. Transparencyregarding theWIMmechanisminitsfirstphasefrom2013to2017 can be said to consist of annual work plans, which report mostly on the first two functionsoftheWIM,i.e.enhancingknowledgeandunderstandingofcomprehensive riskmanagement approaches and strengthening dialogue, coordination, coherence andsynergiesamongrelevantstakeholders. It isexpectedthat theWIMinitssecond phase (2017–2022)will be able toworkmore on its third function, i.e. enhancing actionandsupport. Inthatcase, thetransparencymechanismwillverylikelybecome more indicator-based. TheHyogoFramework forAction (2005–2015) (HFA)wasmonitored through regional, national and, for a limited number of countries, local progress reports, usually at a 3—year interval. In 2015, theUNGeneralAssembly endorsed its suc- cessor: the Sendai Framework for DRR 2015–2030, aims to improve on some of the issues encountered under Hyogo, such as the focus in the indicators on input rather thanoutputoroutcome,andthelackofclear linkstomillenniumdevelopment goals (MDGs)andUNFCCC(Maskrey2016).Fourof sendai’s sevenglobal targets areoutcome-focused insteadof input- oroutput-focusedandhaveclear links to the SDGsand theclimate agreements.Mysiaket al. (2015) state that thewordingused in thepre-conferenceversionof theSendaiFrameworkseemstohavebeenaimedat fortifyingtheclaimsadvancedunder theWIM,claimsintermsofacceptingliability for the residual risks. Sendai focuses not only on reducing existing risks, but also onpreventingnewrisksandstrengthening resilience.Outcometargetsareobjective andmeasurable,allowinginternationalbenchmarkingofprogressrelative toaquan- titative baseline of 2005–2015.A data readiness review for 87 countries has been done(UNISDR2017).Thefirstprogressreportsareexpectedin2018.Every2years, UNISDRpublishes theGlobalAssessmentReport forDRR(GAR)as a supportive tool forHFAandSendai, whichmonitors risk patterns and trends and progress in DRRwhile providing strategic policy guidance to countries and the international community. MDGs(2000–2015)workedwithcountryprogress reportsusuallyevery3years, covering mostlyMDG 1 through 7.MDG 8was captured through annualMDG GapTaskForce reports.After theUNdefined itsSDGs,bothgovernment spending anddonor fundingwill be tailored—although toavaryingdegreedependingon the specific country and context—to the current scores on these indicators as well as