Page - 530 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

530 M.vandenHombergandC.McQuistan the targets that are to be reached in2030 (Martin andWalker 2017). In 2016 some countries had already submitted a voluntary national review.Table 22.3 shows the lossesanddamages indicators forSDGs(theMDGsonlyhad indicators in termsof reducing lossofenvironmental resourcesandbiodiversity). Transparency:NationalandLocal Governments areexpected to takeownershipof thekeyglobal agreements in terms of integrationwithnational planningprocesses.For example, theNationalDisaster ManagementPlanof Indiastates that thecountryhas incorporatedsubstantively the approachenunciated inSendai.Focalpoints ineachcountryare responsible for the collectionofhigh-quality,accessibleandtimelydataonthe indicators.Butalsocol- lecting andanalysingdata at scales greater thannational boundaries is required, as disastersdonotstopatnationalborders.Keyglobalagreementsandseveralregional, nationaland localpoliciesare interrelated,andhaseach its specificmeansof imple- mentation. Therefore, regional follow-ups and reviews are held regularly based on thenational-levelanalysesandcontributetofollow-upandreviewattheglobal level. Meansof Implementation:Technology CBDR–RCisaprinciplewithin theUNFCCCthatacknowledges thedifferentcapa- bilities and differing responsibilities of individual countries in addressing climate change.UNFCCCmandatedthetechnologymechanism(TM)in2010,anditbecame fully operational at the end of 2013. The TM supports parties in promoting and facilitating enhanced actiononmitigation and adaptation (ParisAgreement, article 10.4). TheParisAgreement further specifies that theTM, togetherwith theFinan- cialMechanism,willsupportcollaborativeapproachestoresearchanddevelopment, and facilitate access to technology, in particular for early stages of the technology cycle, for developing country parties (ParisAgreement, article 10.5). TheClimate TechnologyCentreandNetwork(CTCN)implements themechanismthrough tech- nologyneedsassessments(TNA),correspondingtechnologyactionplans(TAP),and TT:CLEAR, thewebplatform for all information related to climate technology.A TNAandTAPhasbeenperformedforBangladesh.ATNAwasstartedbut remains unfinished inNepal. Ingeneral, TNAshavebeenperformed for several developing countries, but there are stillmany that havenot receivedand/or requested technical assistance, and theCTCN seems understaffed (Shimada andKennedy 2017). The WIMexecutivecommitteehasestablishedattheendof2016atechnicalexpertgroup on comprehensive riskmanagement and transformational approaches and engages regularlywith theTechnologyExecutiveCommittee. TheTechnologyFacilitationMechanism(TFM)thatsupportstheimplementation of SDGs has similar characteristics as theUNFCCC’s TM, but is still in its early stages, as it started about 5 years later.3 It aims to ensure equitable access to key 3It has three components: (1) aUnitedNations interagency task teamon science, technology and innovation for the SDGs (IATT) with representatives from civil society, the private sector and the scientific community; (2) a collaborativemulti-stakeholder forumon science, technology and innovation for the SDGs (STI Forum), which organises calls for innovations; and (3) an online platform as a gateway for information on existing STI initiatives, mechanisms and programmes (AnticandLiu2015).