Page - 532 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

532 M.vandenHombergandC.McQuistan Table22.3 (continued) Keyaspects Climateagreements HFA/Sendai MDGs/SDGs Previous reporting on impacts and risks Scattered reportingwith someaggregatenumbers. NepalNC: over10-year periodupto2014morethan 4,000personsdied;$5.34 billion lost inproperty, land, cropsand livestock. IndiaBUR$5 to6billion lossesanddamages 2013–2014.Bangladesh NC: riceyield lossesasa functionof inundation;data on infrastructuredamage during last25yearsdue to floods.BangladeshINDC: AsianDevelopmentBank estimated2%GDPannual lossby2050due toclimate change.Estimateddamage offloods in2007more than $1billion HFA: only reportingon levelofprogressachieved. Nodataon lossesand damages.Sendai: data readiness reviewshows that only37–55%ofcountries reporthavingdataon economic losses to productiveassets, losses in critical infrastructureand culturalheritage, and disruptions tohealth, educationandotherbasic services,withbetween29 and33%able todevelop baselines MDGs: reportingon increaseof landarea coveredby forest.SDG: onlyvoluntarynational reviews;noneyet for Bangladesh, Indiaand Nepal available.Nepal Preliminaryreporton SDG: largeearthquakes in 2015killednearly9,000 people,more than700 billionNepalese rupeesof damage (destroyedmore thanhalf amillionhouses anddamagedmore than 200,000housesandpublic offices) Meansof implementation: technology Technologymechanism suchasTNAandTAP Sendai:Frameworkwith scienceand technology roadmap MDG: stimulation ICTas enabling technology.SDG: TFM,e.g. science, technologyand innovation forSDGsforum,global innovationexchange Note COPConference of the Parties,HFAHyogo framework for action,NC national communication,BUR biennial update reports BUR,NDC nationally determined contribution,NAP national adaptation plan,NAPA national adaptationprogrammeof action,WIMWarsawInternationalMechanismforLoss andDamage,MDG MillenniumDevelopmentGoal,SDGSustainableDevelopmentGoal,TNA technologyneedsassessments,TAP technologyactionplan technologies andknowledge for developingcountries. It is highly likely that itwill aim at avoiding overlapwithwhat is being covered by theUNFCCCTechnology Mechanism,butsomedegreeofsynergycanbeexpected.Sofar,noreportingonTFM has been done. Technology transferwas stimulated under theMDGframework as well,wherebyespecially ICTwasput forwardasan importantenabling technology. TheHFAframeworkemphasises the importanceof technicalassistance, technology transfer, knowledgeand innovation, butmeansof implementationarenotverywell articulated. The United Nations Trust Fund for Disaster Reduction bilateral and multilateral cooperation are put forward as possiblefinancingmechanisms. Sendai has a section onmeans of implementation, where it is reaffirmed that developing countries need technology transfer on concessional andpreferential terms and that thematicplatformsofcooperationcanbeused toenhanceaccess to technology (for example global technology pools and systems to share know-how, innovation and research) (UNISDR2015).Also, a scienceand technology roadmapwasdeveloped