Page - 533 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

22 Technology forClimate Justice… 533 tosupport the frameworkwithasetofexpectedoutcomes,actionsanddeliverables, mostlyaimedatthescientificcommunity(UNISDR2016).However,theseintentions have not yet led to the establishment of tangiblemechanisms such asUNFCCC’s CTCN. 22.5 ReportingFrameworkforTechnologytoAddressLoss andDamageandContribute toClimateJustice The three key global agreements and their corresponding policy frameworks at regional, national and local level—as also discussed for Bangladesh, India and Nepal—have different ways of planning, reporting and reviewing and require the involvement ofmany stakeholders. The SDGs andSendai haveLoss andDamage related indicators. TheParisAgreement has no specific indicators, but theNCsdo contain some usually highly aggregate losses and damages data. The reporting on adaptationisusuallyself-reportingwithoutareviewmechanismandstandardisation that allows for comparability, done at a highly aggregate level and not specific on impact achieved.All three agreements have or areworking on some formof tech- nology facilitation for adaptation, but thesemechanisms are still in their infancy, except for theTNAs.Overall, it is complex if not impossible todistil from thecur- rent transparencymechanisms a comprehensive overviewof the status of progress onadaptationandits role in tackling lossesanddamagesretrospectivelyorprospec- tively. Developing theFramework We thus proceed to lay out an analytical framework to analyse technology needs to reduce losses anddamages for decision-makers that brings together thefindings of the previous three sections, see Fig. 22.4. The framework puts centre stage two repositoriesthateachrelateimpactsandriskstotechnologyanditsthreecomponents, hardware,softwareandorgware.Onerepositoryisaninventoryoftechnologiesused toaddress impactsandrisks; theotherrepositoryisatarget listof thosetechnologies planned to address risk.Several repositories of technologyare available that aimat connectingandmatchingusers to technologies.4 Thesekindsof repositories canbe usedbypractitioners, toselectsociallyandenvironmentallysoundtechnologies that match theneedsof thepoorandvulnerable/marginalisedgroups. Global, regional, national and local policies have differentmeans of implemen- tation, i.e. technology, capacity-building andfinance, as depicted on the right side 4For example, theClimateTechWiki offers detailed information on several of themitigation and adaptationtechnologies.Itisaplatformforawiderangeofstakeholdersindevelopedanddeveloping countrieswhoare involved in technology transfer and thewider context of lowemission and low vulnerability development. TheTechnologyNeedsAssessmentDatabase is complementary,with factsheets on several technologies. IEEEEngineering forChange created an online, decision-aid platformwhere users can search and compare technology-based solutions. The FloodResilience Portal(www.floodresilience.net)isanonlineknowledge-sharingspacethatofferspracticalsolutions toaddress the risksofflooding; theUNjust started theGlobal InnovationExchange.