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3  ݐଡ଼ୖୈൌ 0.9λβܿ݋ ݏθ  (2)  where  λ  is  the  wavelength  of  the  incident  X‐rays  (0.15406  nm),  β  is  the  full‐width  half‐maximum  (FWHM),  and  θ  is  the  diffraction  angle.  From  the  first  peak,  which  represents  the  most  stable  plane  of  ceria  (111),  the  average  size  of  the  nanoparticles  is  found  to  be  ~10  nm.    (a)  (b) Figure  1.  (a)  Absorbance  dispersion  curves  for  reduced  nanoparticles  (REDC  NPs)  annealed  at  700  °C  and  the  non‐reduced  nanoparticles  (EDC  NPs);  (b)  the  corresponding  direct  band  gap  of  both  REDC  NPs  and  EDC  NPs.  (a)  (b) Figure  2.  (a)  TEM  image  and  (b)  XRD  pattern  of  REDC  NPs  at  annealing  temperature  of  700  °C.  Under  the  simultaneous  emission  of  both  near‐UV  (λ  =  430  nm)  and  IR  (780  nm)  excitations,  the  dominant  visible  emission  from  the  EDC  NPs  is  centered  around  520  nm  with  a  relatively  smaller‐peak  emission  at  670  nm,  as  shown  in  Figure  3.  This  emission  peak  is  including  both  contributions;  the  down‐conversion  one  which  involves  the  radiative  relaxation  of  the  5d–4f  transition  of  an  excited  Ce3+  ion  in  Ce2O3  resulting  in  the  broadband  emission  of  the  green  wavelength  [19].  As  the  synthesized  REDC  NPs  that  contain  some  fraction  of  Ce2O3  are  illuminated  with  near‐UV  light,  then  some  fraction  of  the  valence  band  electrons  are  excited  to  an  oxygen  vacancy  defect  state  located  within  the  CeO2  band  gap.  Regarding  the  second  contribution  of  the  up‐conversion  process,  erbium  ions  form  stable  complexes  with  oxygen  in  the  ceria  host  during  the  annealing,  and  the  crystalline  structure  of  the  nanoparticle  improves,  both  of  which  increase    Figure 1. (a) Absorbance dispersion curves for reduced nanoparticles (REDC ) annealed at 700 ˝C and the non-reduced nanoparticles (EDC NPs); (b) the correspondingdirectbandgapofbothREDCNPsandEDCNPs. 3  measurement  of  the  width  of  individual  intensity  peaks,  the  average  size  (tXRD)  of  nanoparticles,  or  the  diameter  in  case  of  spherical‐shaped  nanoparticles,  can  be  calculated  from  Scherrer’s  equation  [13]  ݐଡ଼ୖୈൌ 0.9λβܿ݋ ݏθ  (2)  where  λ  is  the  wavelength  of  the  incident  X‐rays  (0.15406  nm),  β  is  the  full‐width  half‐maximum  (FWHM),  and  θ  is  the  diffraction  angle.  From  the  first  peak,  which  represents  the  most  stable  plane  of  ceria  (111),  the  average  size  of  the  nanoparticles  is  found  to  be  ~10  nm.    (a)  (b) Figure  1.  (a)  Absorbance  dispersion  curves  for  reduced  nanoparticles  (REDC  NPs)  annealed  at  700  °C  and  the  non‐reduced  nanoparticles  (EDC  NPs);  (b)  the  corresponding  direct  band  gap  of  both  REDC  NPs  and  EDC  NPs.  (a)  (b) Figure  2.  (a)  TEM  image  and  (b)  XRD  pattern  of  REDC  NPs  at  annealing  temperature  of  700  °C.  Under  the  simultaneous  emission  of  both  near‐UV  (λ  =  430  nm)  and  IR  (780  nm)  excitations,  the  dominant  visible  emission  from  the  EDC  NPs  is  centered  around  520  nm  with  a  relatively  smaller‐peak  emission  at  670  nm,  as  shown  in  Figure  3.  This  emission  peak  is  including  both  contributions;  the  down‐conversion  one  which  involves  the  radiative  relaxation  of  the  5d–4f  transition  of  an  excited  Ce3+  ion  in  Ce2O3  resulting  in  the  broadband  emission  of  the  green  wavelength  [19].  As  the  synthesized  REDC  NPs  that  contain  some  fraction  of  Ce2O3  are  illuminated  with  near‐UV  light,  then  some  fraction  of  the  valence  band  electrons  are  excited  to  an  oxygen  vacancy  defect  state  located  within  the  CeO2  band  gap.  Regarding  the  second  contribution  of  the  up‐conversion  process,  erbium  ions  form  stable  complexes  with  oxygen  in  the  ceria  host  during  the  annealing,  and  the  crystalline  structure  of  the  nanoparticle  improves,  both  of  which  increase    Figure 2. (a) TEM image and (b) XRD pattern of REDC NPs at annealing temp ratureof700˝C. Underthesimultaneousemissionofbothnear-UV(λ=430nm)andIR(780nm) excitati s, the dominant visible emission from t EDC NPs is centered around 520 nm with a relatively smaller-pe k emission at 670 nm, as shown in Figure 3. Thisemissionpeakisincludingbothcontributions; thedown-conversiononewhich involves the radiative relaxation of the 5d–4f transition of an excited Ce3+ ion in C 2O3 resulting in the broadband emissi n of the g een wavelength [19]. As the synthesized REDC NPs that contain some fraction of Ce2O3 are illuminated with near-UV light, then some fraction of the valence band electrons are excited to an oxygen vacancy defect state located within the CeO2 band gap. Regarding the second contribution of the up-conversion process, erbium ions form stable complexes with oxygen in the ceria host during the annealing, and the crystalline structure of the nanoparticle improves, both of which increase the efficiency of 177
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Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
Title
Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
Author
Joshua M. Pearce
Editor
MDPI
Location
Basel
Date
2016
Language
English
License
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
ISBN
978-3-03842-217-4
Size
17.0 x 24.4 cm
Pages
216
Keywords
Perovskite, Plasmonics, Nanostructured Materials, Anti-Reflection Coatings, Transparent Conductive Oxides, Amorphous Silicon, Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) Materials, Organic Photovoltaic Materials, Solar Energy Materials
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