Seite - 177 - in Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
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3
ݐଡ଼ୖୈൌ 0.9λβܿ
ݏθ (2)
where λ is the wavelength of the incident X‐rays (0.15406 nm), β is the full‐width half‐maximum
(FWHM), and θ is the diffraction angle. From the first peak, which represents the most stable plane
of ceria (111), the average size of the nanoparticles
is
found to be
~10 nm.
(a) (b)
Figure
1.
(a)
Absorbance
dispersion
curves
for
reduced
nanoparticles
(REDC
NPs)
annealed
at
700
°C
and the non‐reduced nanoparticles (EDC NPs); (b) the corresponding direct band gap of both REDC
NPs and
EDC
NPs.
(a) (b)
Figure 2. (a) TEM image and
(b) XRD pattern of REDC NPs at annealing temperature of 700 °C.
Under
the
simultaneous
emission
of
both
near‐UV
(λ
=
430
nm)
and
IR
(780
nm)
excitations,
the
dominant visible emission from the EDC NPs is centered around 520 nm with a relatively
smaller‐peak emission at 670 nm, as shown in Figure 3. This emission peak is including both
contributions; the down‐conversion one which involves the radiative relaxation of the 5d–4f
transition of an excited Ce3+ ion in Ce2O3 resulting in the broadband emission of the green
wavelength [19]. As the synthesized REDC NPs that contain some fraction of Ce2O3 are illuminated
with near‐UV light, then some fraction of the valence band electrons are excited to an oxygen
vacancy defect state located within the CeO2 band gap. Regarding the second contribution of the
up‐conversion process, erbium ions form stable complexes with oxygen in the ceria host during the
annealing, and the crystalline structure of the nanoparticle improves, both of which increase
Figure 1. (a) Absorbance dispersion curves for reduced nanoparticles (REDC
) annealed at 700 ˝C and the non-reduced nanoparticles (EDC NPs); (b) the
correspondingdirectbandgapofbothREDCNPsandEDCNPs.
3
measurement of the width of individual
intensity peaks, the average size (tXRD) of
nanoparticles, or the
diameter
in
case
of
spherical‐shaped
nanoparticles,
can
be
calculated
from
Scherrer’s
equation
[13]
ݐଡ଼ୖୈൌ 0.9λβܿ
ݏθ (2)
where λ is the wavelength of the incident X‐rays (0.15406 nm), β is the full‐width half‐maximum
(FWHM), and θ is the diffraction angle. From the first peak, which represents the most stable plane
of ceria (111), the average size of the nanoparticles
is
found to be
~10 nm.
(a) (b)
Figure
1.
(a)
Absorbance
dispersion
curves
for
reduced
nanoparticles
(REDC
NPs)
annealed
at
700
°C
and the non‐reduced nanoparticles (EDC NPs); (b) the corresponding direct band gap of both REDC
NPs and
EDC
NPs.
(a) (b)
Figure 2. (a) TEM image and
(b) XRD pattern of REDC NPs at annealing temperature of 700 °C.
Under
the
simultaneous
emission
of
both
near‐UV
(λ
=
430
nm)
and
IR
(780
nm)
excitations,
the
dominant visible emission from the EDC NPs is centered around 520 nm with a relatively
smaller‐peak emission at 670 nm, as shown in Figure 3. This emission peak is including both
contributions; the down‐conversion one which involves the radiative relaxation of the 5d–4f
transition of an excited Ce3+ ion in Ce2O3 resulting in the broadband emission of the green
wavelength [19]. As the synthesized REDC NPs that contain some fraction of Ce2O3 are illuminated
with near‐UV light, then some fraction of the valence band electrons are excited to an oxygen
vacancy defect state located within the CeO2 band gap. Regarding the second contribution of the
up‐conversion process, erbium ions form stable complexes with oxygen in the ceria host during the
annealing, and the crystalline structure of the nanoparticle improves, both of which increase
Figure 2. (a) TEM image and (b) XRD pattern of REDC NPs at annealing
temp ratureof700˝C.
Underthesimultaneousemissionofbothnear-UV(λ=430nm)andIR(780nm)
excitati s, the dominant visible emission from t EDC NPs is centered around
520 nm with a relatively smaller-pe k emission at 670 nm, as shown in Figure 3.
Thisemissionpeakisincludingbothcontributions; thedown-conversiononewhich
involves the radiative relaxation of the 5d–4f transition of an excited Ce3+ ion
in C 2O3 resulting in the broadband emissi n of the g een wavelength [19]. As
the synthesized REDC NPs that contain some fraction of Ce2O3 are illuminated
with near-UV light, then some fraction of the valence band electrons are excited
to an oxygen vacancy defect state located within the CeO2 band gap. Regarding
the second contribution of the up-conversion process, erbium ions form stable
complexes with oxygen in the ceria host during the annealing, and the crystalline
structure of the nanoparticle improves, both of which increase the efficiency of
177
Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
- Titel
- Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
- Autor
- Joshua M. Pearce
- Herausgeber
- MDPI
- Ort
- Basel
- Datum
- 2016
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03842-217-4
- Abmessungen
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Seiten
- 216
- Schlagwörter
- Perovskite, Plasmonics, Nanostructured Materials, Anti-Reflection Coatings, Transparent Conductive Oxides, Amorphous Silicon, Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) Materials, Organic Photovoltaic Materials, Solar Energy Materials
- Kategorien
- Naturwissenschaften Physik
- Technik