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The presented approach is a combination of mul- tiple methods. First of all, the shape-based template matching is used to identify the charging port type and use the information from stereo cameras to precisely estimate its position and orientation. The same method is used in the marker-less eye-to-hand calibration, which results in the transformation matrices to be used to convert the position of the charging port from the coordinate system of the vision sensor to the robot. Then, the robot, holding a connector plug, is used to approach and finally plug in the charger cable into the EV or PHEV. Having a precisely estimated orientation is a big challenge and observation of the forces exerted on the end-effector of the robot are necessary to identify any possible misalignment, and stop or readjust if needed. Our approach has proven to work in the lab conditions under indoor illumination and using a custom made charging port holder. Adding a force sensor to the robot would allow the robot to operate using the impedance controller based on force measurements and adjust it during the plug- in procedure according to the strains observed on the end effector. This would likely to be a solution for the observed cases with misalignment issues. The project will be continued by improving the connector plug detection accuracy and automating the marker-less calibration procedure, where the robot would perform calibration movements automatically. Furthermore, current tests were performed under the assumption that the charging port lid or cap was already opened. A linear actuator is already included in the setup, however, it was not used in current experiments. Future work includes finding the charger lid, identifying it’s opening mechanism and using the robot to open and close it for the charging process. This would also require identification of the vehicle model to indicate the correct parking position and localise the approximate position of the charging port. With the test electric vehicle to be delivered in the near future for testing purposes, the system will be evaluated on the real EV in the garage setup and outdoor tests.Communicationbetween thevehicleand the charging station is also under development and this will enable the combination of the robot-based charging system with autonomous parking functions. REFERENCES [1] “EV-Volumes - The Electric Vehicle World Sales Database,” http://www.ev-volumes.com/country/total-world-plug-in-veh icle-volumes/, (Accessed on 03/08/2017). [2] “HALCON The power of machine vision - MVTec Software GmbH,” http://www.mvtec.com/products/halcon/, (Accessed on 03/07/2017). [3] “Ladesystem der TU Dortmund betankt Elektroautos automa- tisch - Fakultt fr Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik - TU Dortmund,” http://www.e-technik.tu-dortmund.de/cms1/ de/Service Termine/Weitere Meldungen/Archiv/Ladesystem Elektroautos/index.html, (Accessed on 03/03/2017). [4] “Norway to completely ban petrol powered cars by 2025,” http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-chang e/norway-to-ban-the-sale-of-all-fossil-fuel-based-cars-b y-2025-and-replace-with-electric-vehicles-a7065616.html, (Accessed on 03/08/2017). [5] “NRG-X - Automatic Charging for E-Mobility,” http://www.n rg-x.com/, (Accessed on 03/06/2017). [6] “PHOENIX CONTACT — Homepage Corporate Website,” ht tps://www.phoenixcontact.com/, (Accessed on 03/07/2017). [7] “Tesla owners who leave cars at Superchargers after charging will pay $0.40/minute,” http://www.theverge.com/2016/12/16/ 13990854/tesla-supercharger-electric-fee-model-s-parking, (Accessed on 03/08/2017). [8] “e-smartconnect: Volkswagen is conducting research on an automated quick-charging system for the next generation of electric vehicles,” https://www.volkswagen-media-services.c om/en/detailpage/-/detail/e-smartConnect-Volkswagen-is-con ducting-research-on-an-automated-quick-charging-system-f or-the-next-generation-of-electric-vehicles/view/2448500/7a 5bbec13158edd433c6630f5ac445da, July 2015, (Accessed on 03/03/2017). [9] “Tesla Unveils Snakelike Robot Charger for Electric Cars,” http://www.livescience.com/51791-tesla-electric-car-r obot-charger.html, 2015 August, (Accessed on 03/03/2017). [10] T. T. Andersen, “Optimizing the Universal Robots ROS driver.” Technical University of Denmark, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tech. Rep., 2015. [11] C. Bracklo. (2016, Mar.) CharIN e.V.: The road to the success of a global charging standard - technology, standardization, organization. 2016. [Online]. Available: http://charinev.org/media/association-infos/ [12] U. Kartoun, H. Stern, Y. Edan, C. Feied, J. Handler, M. Smith, and M. Gillam, “Vision-based autonomous robot self-docking and recharging,” in Automation Congress, 2006. WAC’06. World. IEEE, 2006, pp. 1–8. [13] J. J. Kuffner and S. M. LaValle, “RRT-connect: An efficient approach to single-query path planning,” in Robotics and Automation, 2000. Proceedings. ICRA’00. IEEE International Conference on, vol. 2. IEEE, 2000, pp. 995–1001. [14] R. C. Luo, C. T. Liao, and K. C. Lin, “Vision-based docking for automatic security robot power recharging,” in Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts, 2005. IEEE Workshop on. IEEE, 2005, pp. 214–219. [15] J. Miseikis, K. Glette, O. J. Elle, and J. Torresen, “Automatic calibration of a robot manipulator and multi 3D camera system,” in 2016 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII), Dec 2016, pp. 735–741. [16] H. Oh, B. An, A. L. Smith, M. Raghavan, and F. C. Park, “An RFID localization algorithm for a plug-in electric vehicle recharging robot,” in Consumer Electronics (ICCE), 2015 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2015, pp. 176– 177. [17] PHOENIX CONTACT, “E-Mobility DC-Quickcharging with up to 350 A, online document,” 2015. [Online]. Available: ht tps://www.phoenixcontact.com/assets/downloads ed/global/w eb dwl promotion/52007525 DE INT E-Mobility LoRes.pdf [18] M. Silverman, B. Jung, D. Nies, and G. Sukhatme, “Staying alive longer: Autonomous robot recharging put to the test,” Center forRobotics andEmbeddedSystems (CRES)Technical Report CRES, vol. 3, p. 015, 2003. [19] M.C.Silverman,D.Nies,B. Jung,andG.S.Sukhatme,“Stay- ingalive:A dockingstation for autonomous robot recharging,” in Robotics and Automation, 2002. Proceedings. ICRA’02. IEEE International Conference on, vol. 1. IEEE, 2002, pp. 1050–1055. [20] I. A. Sucan and S. Chitta, “Moveit!” Online at http://moveit.ros.org, 2013. [21] R. Y. Tsai and R. K. Lenz, “A new technique for fully autonomous and efficient 3D robotics hand/eye calibration,” IEEETransactions on robotics and automation, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 345–358, 1989. [22] B. Walzel, H. Brunner, and M. Hirz, “Requirements on Petrol Stations in Year 2025,” in 14. Symposium Energyinnovation, Graz, Austria, Feb 2016. 73
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Proceedings of the OAGM&ARW Joint Workshop Vision, Automation and Robotics
Title
Proceedings of the OAGM&ARW Joint Workshop
Subtitle
Vision, Automation and Robotics
Authors
Peter M. Roth
Markus Vincze
Wilfried Kubinger
Andreas MĂĽller
Bernhard Blaschitz
Svorad Stolc
Publisher
Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz
Location
Wien
Date
2017
Language
English
License
CC BY 4.0
ISBN
978-3-85125-524-9
Size
21.0 x 29.7 cm
Pages
188
Keywords
Tagungsband
Categories
International
Tagungsbände

Table of contents

  1. Preface v
  2. Workshop Organization vi
  3. Program Committee OAGM vii
  4. Program Committee ARW viii
  5. Awards 2016 ix
  6. Index of Authors x
  7. Keynote Talks
  8. Austrian Robotics Workshop 4
  9. OAGM Workshop 86
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Proceedings of the OAGM&ARW Joint Workshop