Page - 21 - in Radical Solutions and Open Science - An Open Approach to Boost Higher Education

22 C.M.Stracke Fig.2.1 The twoobjectivesofOpenScience: reliabilityand trust & Therrien, 2018; Higgins, 2016). These two objectives are complementary and directly interrelated:Reliabilityprovidesobjectivecredibilitydue toformalcorrect- ness and reproducibility and trust leads to subjective credibility due to individual confidencebuilding (Fig.2.1). Consequently, twomain characteristics of Open Science are transparency and openness that have to cover thewhole research process from the design until the critical review after publication (Miguel et al., 2014; Nosek & Bar-Anan, 2012; Nosek et al., 2015). Transparency is a core value of science for credibility and is required tomaximize insights, peer evaluation and evidences (Cook et al., 2018). Openness includes thesharingofresearchmaterialsanddata tofacilitate theirbetter understanding,verification, improvementandre-usage(Migueletal.,2014;Molloy, 2011). A thirdmain characteristic ofOpen Science is reproducibility: Reproducibility indicateshowrobust and repeatable researchfindingsareand includes thepotential replicability (Goodman,Fanelli&Ioannidis,2016;Nosek&Errington,2017).Next to the researchmethods, reproducibilityaddresses the influenceofdecisionsduring thedataanalysis (e.g.,onoutliersandcovariates) forconsistentfindingsbydifferent researchers, too (LeBel, McCarthy, Earp, Elson &Vanpaemel, 2018; Silberzahn et al., 2017). However, I agree with Goodman et al. (2016) that it is still unclear howreproducibilityrelatesandleadstothedevelopmentofcumulativeevidenceand commonlyacceptedtruthintheresearchcommunity.Overall, theresearchevidences fromOpenScience are consideredmore reliable and valid due to their increase of transparency,opennessand reproducibility (Cooket al., 2018;Noseket al., 2015). Another core argument in favour ofOpen Science is that it enhances the trust- worthinessof theresearchfindings:Trustworthinessmeans towhichextent research