Page - 24 - in Radical Solutions and Open Science - An Open Approach to Boost Higher Education

2 OpenScienceandRadicalSolutions forDiversity,Equity… 25 TQM Open Science Open Education Fig.2.2 ThreedimensionsofTQMand their adaptations toOpenScienceandOpenEducation physics(Hecker,2017), informationscience(Sandyetal.,2017),massspectrometry (Schymanski&Williams, 2017), neuroscience (Poupon,Seyller&Rouleau, 2017) and robotics (Mondada,2017). Finally, Open Science is covering all dimensions and processes of scientific research from first idea development until the final revision and improvement of published results. To ensure such a broad focus and to constantly increase the sci- entific knowledge, Open Science can and should adapt and follow the philosophy ofTotalQualityManagement (TQM)and itscontinuous improvementcycle (Juran, 1951,1992;Deming,1982,1986;Stracke,2011).TheTQMphilosophydistinguishes between the potential, the processes and the results as the three dimensions to be continuouslyevaluatedand improved in iterativecycles (Stracke,2006,2014). ThesethreedimensionsofTQMweretransferredfirst to thehealthcaresectorby Donabedian (1980) and afterward to the education sector byStracke (2006, 2015). They can also be adapted to science by differentiating the three dimensions of the research design, the research processes and the research publications as shown in Fig.2.2. In the following,a shortoverviewof thecurrentpracticesofOpenScience will beprovided topresent itsvarietyandmain focus today. 2.3.4 Openness inScientificDesign,Research andPublications OpenScience is combining andpromotingdifferent concepts,means andpractices for all three science dimensions, sometimes introducing radical solutions. In the following, only a fewexamples canbehighlighted that are consequently changing thewayhowsciencedesign, researchandpublicationsare realized. First, Open Science is promoting Open Data to share data for their potential re-usage: The practices of data sharing are different across research communities andsometimesevenwithin researchcommunities (Borgman,2012).Datashouldbe open insteadof free (as in “freebeer” - oropen, aswell as free) asopendata allow independent re-usage (Murray-Rust, 2008). It has to be noted that the importance andneed for opendata depends on thediscipline (Fecher&Friesike, 2014). Thus,