Page - 26 - in Radical Solutions and Open Science - An Open Approach to Boost Higher Education

2 OpenScienceandRadicalSolutions forDiversity,Equity… 27 2016):Thisdevelopment causes a lot of issuesandconcerns suchas fakenewsand generaldenial of sciencesandscientific facts. In the following, anoverviewwill be presentedhowOpenSciencecanevolveinthefutureandcancontributetoovercome thepost-truthage. 2.4.1 BenefitsofOpenScience The futureofOpenSciencedependson the facilitatedbenefits andon theproblems and needs of researchers that Open Science can solve. Therefore, the following overviewof the benefits ofOpenScience focuses on its support for the individual researchers and thewhole science, too. McKiernanetal. (2016)postulate thatOpenSciencesupports researchers tosuc- ceed by offering several benefits such as higher citations and recognitionwhat is secondedbyseveralauthors(Dorch,2012;Henneken&Accomazzi,2011;Piwowar, Day&Fridsma, 2007; Piwowar&Vision, 2013). Three general benefits ofOpen Science are reported byAllen andMehler (2019): First, greater faith in research, second, new helpful science systems and third, investment in the own future for researchers. Nosek et al. (2015) propose eight standardswith three levels for pro- motingOpen Science and its openness in research and science: two standards for rewarding authors, four standards for the scientific process and its reproducibility and twostandards forvalues frompreregistration. Inparticular,OpenScienceandregisteredreports(RRs)areofferingspecificben- efits(Cooketal.,2018).Registeredreportsenablemorepublicationsofnullfindings: AllenandMehler(2019)havecomparedregisteredreportsagainsttraditionalstudies and found that theypublishmorenull findings.Research studieswithnull findings are important for thescientificprogressandavoidduplicationsofstudiesbutarenot often reportedandpublishedornotevensubmitteddue to reportingandpublication bias, inparticular, insocialsciences(Fanelli,2010;Sterling,1959,Cook&Therrien, 2017;Therrien&Cook, 2018; Franco,Malhotra&Simonovits, 2014;Greenwald, 1975).Furthermore,journalsareoftennotacceptingnullfindingsleadingtoresearch evidencesandliteraturebasisthatareexaggeratingfalse-positivefindingsorpositive effects (Ferguson&Heene,2012; Ioannidis, 2012;Munafoet al., 2017). In addition, Open Access is a necessity and an instrument to overcome the inequities among researchers and institutions in financial positions, among coun- trieswith different levels of developments and in general among all citizens from ourglobalsociety.Severalauthorshaveanalysedtheseinequitiesfromdifferentper- spectives(Fecher&Friesike,2014):Phelps,FoxandMarincola(2012)highlight the roleofOpenAccess for thedevelopmentof individual researchers, aswell asof the society, through thebroadestpossibledissemination.Rufai,GulandShah(2012) in their studyon libraryand information science recommend low-incomecountries to adoptOpenAccess. Cribb and Sari (2010) have stated the difference between the creation and sharing of research results: They conclude thatwhile everyfiveyears