Page - 28 - in Radical Solutions and Open Science - An Open Approach to Boost Higher Education

2 OpenScienceandRadicalSolutions forDiversity,Equity… 29 2.5 OpenScienceandOpenness inEducation Our society is entering a post-truth age causing a lot of issues and concerns as introducedabove.Thatishappeninginscience,aswellasineducationandquantifies the size of the problems.OpenScience education is considered to enable a change (van der Zee &Reich, 2018; Stracke, 2019). Open Science education can mean both: First, the education for introducing Open Science as subject (i.e., theories andpracticesofOpenScienceasaneducational topic)andsecond,OpenEducation adaptingandfollowingOpenScienceprinciples(i.e.,learningprocessesasinnovative (pedagogical) methodologies). For the adaptation of Open Science, nine different dimensionsof opennessweredefinedandclustered in threedimensions (visionary, operational and legal) and applied toOpenEducation by Stracke (2017a, b, c). In special education, Cook et al. (2018) have requested to apply Open Science and relatedpractices toadvancethequalityofresearch,aswellas thefuturepoliciesand practicesandMcBee,Makel,PetersandMatthews(2018)calledfor thesameaction ingiftededucation. Inhismeta-analysisofmeta-analysisstudies,Hattie (2008),however,hasproven thatmoststudiesclaimingscientificandevidence-basedresultscouldnotbeverified and validated. The debate on the relevance and importance of these findings has juststarted ineducational researchandcommunity.Duringthe last fouryears,many educators andcommunityorganizationshavecollaborated toopeningupeducation anditsresearch.UndertheleadershipoftheSloveniangovernment, thefirstdraft for aUNESCORecommendationonOpenEducationandOpenEducationalResources (2019a)wasdeveloped anddiscussed in open consultations.Only threeweeks ago (on25thofNovember2019), the40thGeneralConferenceofUNESCOhasadopted in global consensus theUNESCORecommendation onOpenEducation andOpen EducationalResources (2019b). It is amilestoneas it isUNESCO’sveryfirstbind- ingrecommendation in thefieldsofOpenEducationand it requiresannualprogress reportingbyall 193UNESCOmember states. I hope that itwill beaglorious land- mark andguide for the future ofOpenEducation leading to a fundamental change inglobal learningandeducation forall. 2.6 ConclusionsandOutlook OpenScienceisacurrentphenomenonthatcanbetracedbacktotheMiddleAges.Its growthishappeninginmanydisciplinesandindiversefacets inparticularduetothe worldwideinternetandrelatednewtechnologies,toolsandcommunicationchannels. Inthefuture, it isdesirablethatall researcherscollaborate inOpenSciencetorealize itsbenefits.The threemaincharacteristicsofOpenScience (transparency,openness and reproducibility) strengthen science leading to the two core objectives ofOpen Science:more objective credibility due to increased (formal) reliability andmore