Page - 87 - in Radical Solutions and Open Science - An Open Approach to Boost Higher Education

92 D.Burgos steps that, paradoxically, often consume practically all the energy andmost of the budget and time insteadof facilitating theobject of the call,whether it is research, development,orinnovation.Butatthesametime,researchersmustintegrateourwork in anobligatory and coordinatedmanner, into agencies, themarket, and society, in order toensure theusableandapplicable transferof results andknowledge. 6.2 MeaningofKnowledgeTransfer It ischallengingtospeakof transference. It is likespeakingabout innovation;every- one considers it crucial but there is no uniformdefinition or aminimally common consensus about it (Cooper, 1998;Goswami&Mathew, 2005;Baregheh,Rowley, &Sambrook, 2009). For some, transfer in academiameans contracts between the universityandcompanies.Thus,wefindresearchersfocusedontheindustrialsector, measuring itbyweight,quantityofprojects,or thesumofassociatedcontracts.By- products include the creation of industrially applied results-though not necessarily products—suchasregulations,guidelines,specifications,orstandards,andofcourse, industrialor intellectual registrations,bywayofpatentsorutilitymodels,andcopy- rightclearance.Forothers, transfermeansanimpactonsociety,measuredby,among otherpossibilities, target audience, endusers, or Internetdownloads.Therearealso scientificpublishers,whoinsiston includingspecialisedscientificproductionunder thetransferumbrella, i.e.articlesinscientificpublications,chaptersinbooksfocused on a specific trade, anddoctoral theses, or even conference communications.Con- versely,we canfind communicatorswhomeasure transference by hits obtained in unspecialisedmedia and the budget conversion implied by crossover ads.We also haveentrepreneurs,whodefend thecreationof companies in thewakeofother ini- tiatives, either as spin-offs, or as start-up incubators (Mowery,Oxley,&Silverman, 1996;Argote&Ingram,2000;Agrawal&Henderson,2002;Easterby-Smith,Lyles, &Tsang,2008;Paulin&Suneson,2015). Althoughit is truethateveryoneiscorrect,becausethereisnosingulardefinition, or a solid frameworkwithin which to include or exclude the concept of transfer, the fact is thatmost of the time the scientist is happy to linkanewpublicly-funded project in thewakeofapriorfinishedproject.And this, too, is considered transfer. We can therefore group transfers into eight blocks ormodalities (Fig. 6.1): (1) industrial, (2) property registration, (3) regulatory, (4) social impact, (5) scientific communication, (6) general publishing, (7) entrepreneurship, and (8) secondary public funding.