Page - 133 - in Radical Solutions and Open Science - An Open Approach to Boost Higher Education

140 H.ChaandH.-J.So • Informal learning: learningthat results fromdailyactivitiesrelatedtowork, fam- ily, or leisure. It is not organized or structured in terms of learning objectives, time,or learningsupport. • Non-formallearning: learningwhichisembeddedinplannedactivitiesnotexplic- itly designated as learning in terms of learning objectives, time, or learning support. Our proposedMOOC integration framework is based on two factors, namely credit recognition and online learning. As shown in Fig. 9.1, this leads to three types ofMOOC-integrated learning experiences. Type I is formalMOOC learning that refers to a learning approachwhere learners take aMOOCwithout any face- to-face instruction and receive academic credits. Type I is formal learning since learning experiences tend to be structuredwith an explicit goal to earn credits or certificates. Type II is formal blendedMOOC learning where MOOCs are used to supplement or replace some portions of formal courses. Under this type, two combinations are possible depending on how and whenMOOCs are used in the course structure: blended learning andflipped learning.As shown inTable 9.2,we adopttheframeworkbyThaietal.(2017)todifferentiateblendedlearningandflipped learning. Inblendedlearning,a lecture isdeliveredbyinstructors inaclassroomina face-to-facemode,andMOOCsare typicallyusedaspartof learningactivitiesafter F2Flectures.Flippedlearningisaspecialformofblendedlearningwheretheprimary deliveryofinstructionalcontentisonlineviaMOOCsandoccursinaremotelocation beforeclassroomsessions.F2Fin-classtimeisdevotedtolearningactivitiesthataim toenhance theunderstandingof lecture content.Type III is non-formalor informal MOOClearningwhere learnersuseaMOOCwithoutan intention toearncreditsor certificates. The degree of structuring learning experiences determines non-formal Fig.9.1 MOOCintegration framework Table9.2 Blended learning versusflipped learning Lecture Activities Flipped learning Online Face-to-face Blended learning Face-to-face Online