Page - 17 - in Reflective Cosmopolitanism - Educating towards inclusive communities through Philosophical Enquiry

INTRODUCTION TO THE PEACE CURRICULUM 17 Cognitive skills Problematizing: Students should analyze and criticize their own deep beliefs and assumptions, all they take for granted. • Reflexive thinking about one’s own assumptions • Identifying, assessing, and using multiple perspectives (even conflicting ones): To learn to recognize and be attentive to different points of view • To learn a better understanding of problems • Ability to ask good questions. Exposes a philosophical approach to the problem (focuses attention on meaning and concepts rather than judgments; identifies a problematic as- pect, for instance raises a question that exposes a counter example; asking questions that push the inquiry deeper and/or enters the topic from a different perspective) Conceptualizing Students should explore and clarify the words they use, in order to overcome vagueness and ambiguity, and advance towards the use of more precise and clearer concepts. • Student should understand the meaning of the words they use in their everyday life • They have to learn to explain and to articulate their own opinions clearly (showing more clear use of language) • Identifying moral values at stake in the discussion • Contextualization: ideas and problems must be situated in a context • Establishing relationships (making connections, analogical thinking…) • Universalizing Reasoning Students should warrant their own ideas and viewpoints and support them using logical reasoning • Making good judgments • Conditional reasoning: In conditional reasoning, the reasoner must draw a conclusion based on a conditional, or “if…then,” proposition • Anticipating the consequences • Causal thinking • Utilizing moral imagination: generating new possibilities (i.e. the third space), discovering new possibilities and alternatives through dialogue with others • Explaining oneself to others • Distinguishing between good and poor reasons (criteria: relevance, based on evidence, more understandable for other people, consistency) Affective skills Self-oriented skills Students should develop a balanced assertiveness in such a way as to allow them to openly express their own ideas, think for themselves, and compare their viewpoints with those of their classmates. They should accept criticism from other people. • Showing self-awareness • Having confidence: To become aware that their own thoughts are valuable and everyone has unique ideas • Developing resiliency of self • Being appropriately assertive