Page - 8 - in Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 - A Social History of a Multilingual Space

8 ♦  Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 twentieth and twenty-first centuries scholars from universities that utilized, for example, German or French as their academic language are reacting to the imposition of English as the lingua franca of scholarship.31 They do not oppose publishing in English so much as having to publish in English, in- cluding in disciplines that are intrinsically local, like regional historiography. Habsburg Space(s) The Habsburg space was occupied by the irony of contesting spatiality. After this area was divided in 1867 into territories centered on the “Garden” (Vienna) and the “Workshop” (Budapest),32 the increasing number of na- tionalities brought about new forms of spatial conflict, between staging the empire and staging the nation.33 This duality had developed slowly over time. When in 1851 the professors at the Jagiellonian University greeted Franz Joseph in their traditional togas instead of the prescribed clerk uniforms, stressing their independent traditions, this was met with serious political consequences. Less than thirty years later, however, Galicians took part in the commemoration of the Siege of Vienna of 1683, with separate festivities in Cracow and Vienna that underscored the different perceptions of the historical importance of this event.34 Throughout the nineteenth century, the university buildings across Cisleithania represented intellectual unity visually and publicly, but in the second half of the century, they increas- ingly did so only in German-language universities, including Chernivtsi. The Collegium Novum in Cracow (completed in 1887) and a new building at the University of L’viv (conceived in 1912 but never realized) were pur- posefully designed to include “Polish” elements.35 The space changed with shifting political affiliations as well; in 1907 universities throughout the empire protested the violation of university autonomy in the case of Ludwig Wahrmund, which also provoked the first demonstration by Czech and German students since 1859. Here, the existence of a common enemy—con- servative clerics—largely overcame national differences, uniting the empire. During the nineteenth century, the Habsburg space also gradually moved from the unity of an empire held together by the monarchy and the German language toward the political dualism of one monarch and two dis- tinctive parliaments for its respective halves, characterized by different state languages, German and Hungarian. The fabric of languages and politics, including the language of education, grew apart not only along the divisions