Page - 12 - in Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 - A Social History of a Multilingual Space

12 ♦  Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 language. While membership in the Society of the Patriotic Museum in Bohemia was limited to Bohemians, especially members of the aristocracy, the Cracow society consisted mostly of professors from the Jagiellonian University. Nevertheless, these organizations did not actually function as societies of a multicultural space because their concentration on the national language restricted publishing and lecturing opportunities for other scholars. The reorganization of these societies into fully developed academies (both named after Franz Joseph, of course) supported the empire’s division into national spaces. Members of the Franz Joseph Czech Academy for Science, Literature and the Arts (Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění, established in 1890) were forbidden from publishing in languages other than Czech in the academy’s journals. The Academy of Arts and Sciences (Akademia Umiejętności, from 1919 the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences [Polska Akademia Umiejętności]), which was born out of the Cracow Scientific Society, was in an even more awkward position, as the region within which it could recruit faculty members exceeded the empire’s borders, while the legal system differentiated between state-defined “provincial” (krajowy) and “foreign” (zagraniczny) members, with both sec- tions limited in numbers. Here, the imperial boundary intersected with the national geography; one of the main criticisms of the academy was that it did not include the most renowned Polish scholars and thus did not represent the entire Polish cultural space. Similarly, the Ševčenko Scientific Society in L’viv (Naukove tovarystvo imeni Ševčenka, established in 1873) was for- mally restricted to Galicia, although it in fact included Ukrainians from both the Russian and Habsburg Empires. In 1907 an identical scientific society opened in Kiev; its first head was Mychajlo Hruševs’kyj from L’viv, who not only transferred the structure of the society but also created a parallel set of journals. The transimperial character of the Ševčenko Scientific Society after 1907 may be considered an exception, but nationalist efforts to exceed the imperial space had symbolic importance. One of the most important ideas was the symbolic assertion of their nonimperial space, for example, through cooperation in matters related to printing. The dissemination of books from other empires was often restricted; thus, many works were printed in two or three publishing houses in different empires. Helcel’s Starodawne prawa polskiego pomniki, for instance, was published in Warsaw but using type from Cracow.51