Page - 84 - in Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 - A Social History of a Multilingual Space

84 ♦  Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 the number of scholars capable of lecturing in Czech was considered to be seriously low and fell within a decade.183 In L’viv 60 percent of lecturers came from outside Galicia (at least five scholars out of twelve spoke Polish, and one spoke Ruthenian). In Cracow and Pest, however, most professors were bilingual, once more pointing to the special position these two univer- sities held.184 The continuity of scholarship varied as well. At the medical faculties, around half of the scholars teaching in 1860 had been there since 1848, with the exception of Cracow, where all but one scholar had been appointed after the revolution. Philosophical faculties, in contrast, had been thoroughly re- formed. The philosophical faculties were not uniform, however. The chairs of languages of course differed across the monarchy. The chair of bibliography, linked to the directorship of the university library, existed only in Cracow. Having the largest philosophical faculty and the most Privatdozenten, the University of Vienna also offered the greatest range of subjects, clearly privileged compared with other universities, a situation that would be dis- cernible later as well. That Vienna and Prague had slightly different roles in the nexus of the monarchy was also indicated by the position of readers of modern languages. While these two universities hosted representatives of most languages spo- ken in the monarchy (including Hungarian, although not Ruthenian, Russian, or Slovenian), with the aim of encouraging language competences among future bureaucrats and officials, smaller universities taught only the local languages. For most of the period, Innsbruck and L’viv entirely lacked mod- ern languages apart from German and their respective local languages; in Cracow, Ruthenian and French were taught; and in Graz, French, Italian, and Slovenian. This division, certainly disadvantageous to students in Galicia, Styria, and Tyrol, was influenced by infrastructural differences in the cities themselves, as teachers were mostly not full-time employees of the univer- sities but, for instance, worked primarily in official posts in the court or administration.  When rumors spread in early 1860 that Thun-Hohenstein would be resigning from his position, the atmosphere at the universities was uncertain. Many considered him the reformer of the university system and their savior from the conservatives. This was true of Galician scholars, who openly lamented the news in the Cracow daily Czas, and of the Catholic Croatian bishop