Page - 128 - in Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 - A Social History of a Multilingual Space

128 ♦  Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 Cracow (but, surprisingly, not in the provincial capital L’viv), Privatdozenten who worked primarily in nonuniversity scholarly institutions outnumbered those who worked as teachers, but at smaller universities this ratio was reversed. Through the curriculum vitae submitted with a habilitation, one can see that a large number of scholars had worked as teachers before their habilitation, and a gradual distinction between pedagogical and scientific specialization is discernible. With the stronger professionalization of the teaching profession, and numerous scientific organizations that granted scholarships on which scholars could live during the prescribed two-year minimum gap between graduation and habilitation, the distinction between academic scholarship and school teaching became more pronounced. Nevertheless, although there were regulations lessening the workload of gymnasium teachers who were also lecturing as Privatdozenten,174 their precarious situation was the subject of many debates.175 The regulation of the habilitation process and professorial appointments brought about a strong unification in the structure of the faculty across the em- pire, defined by the curriculum. Similarly, habilitations retained disciplinary consistency between 1848 and 1918, with the humanities and the sciences granting the majority of habilitations. After 1848, there were more habilita- tions in the humanities than in the sciences, except between 1860 and 1869. From 1880 onward, the number of habilitations in the sciences grew, and habil- itations in the humanities stagnated. Only from 1900, and only if one includes the biosciences, did habilitations in the sciences outpace those in the human- ities. In Galicia and at both universities in Prague, however, the dominance of the humanities over the sciences with respect to habilitations was greater than at other institutions. This had to do with a large number of habilitations in nation-building areas (history, language, literature) and the peculiarities of these universities’ location in regions with overlapping nationalities. Still, there were noticeable differences at the local level. Such local traditions included a preponderance of philology in Vienna, with eighty- two habilitations, constituting 75 percent of all habilitations in this field in the Habsburg Empire (and 21 percent of all habilitations in Vienna). Such concentrations were also possible at provincial institutions: Innsbruck de- veloped a particularly strong school in historiography, led by Julius Ficker; fourteen scholars habilitated in this discipline, accounting for 16 percent of all habilitations in historical disciplines in Cisleithania and 29 percent of all habilitations in Innsbruck. Moreover, this particular Tyrolean cluster of excellence had an immense influence on Habsburg historiography: most