Page - 162 - in Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 - A Social History of a Multilingual Space

162 ♦  Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 Innsbruck showed a pattern of appointments similar to that at the univer- sities in Graz and Prague. In the philosophical faculty, Innsbruck had a much higher proportion of its own scholars among its professors than in the medical sciences, with forty-six of its own Privatdozenten (32 percent of all professors; see also table 5), of whom seventeen were appointed to other universities, including three to Chernivtsi, four to Graz, and six to Vienna, in most cases after having achieved professorships in Innsbruck. Slightly less than a quarter of all full professors working at the philosophical faculty had habilitated in Tyrol, while 20 percent had gained a Privatdozentur in Vienna. The teaching body of the smallest and youngest Cisleithanian uni- versity, in Chernivtsi, consisted of 80 percent scholars appointed from other universities in the empire. Almost no graduates from Chernivtsi became Privatdozenten or professors. This was caused (as at the medical faculty in Innsbruck) by its late foundation (in 1875) and the high turnover of profes- sorships, which hindered the development of research groups and schools around professors. Also, the lack of additional occupational activities in this peripheral provincial capital made an unpaid Privatdozentur unattractive. Vienna, in turn, remained the central faculty, filling half of its professor- ships with its own graduates and Privatdozenten,40 while a quarter of the professors appointed to the capital from other Habsburg universities had been educated in Vienna. Graz and the German University in Prague had similar structures of appointments and promotions, and thus a detailed presentation of the Styrian University of Graz perfectly illustrates the characteristics of these two uni- versities’ in-between position. Less then 20 percent of the full professors in Graz had graduated or habilitated there (see table 5). Of the eighty-nine Privatdozenten promoted to professorships in Graz, fourteen had habili- tated there (seven of these had also graduated there), while thirty-six (40 percent) had habilitated in Vienna, being promoted to Graz mostly from the position of Privatdozent—fourteen became associate professors, six became full professors, and four scholars left the university and habili- tated again elsewhere. Two Viennese scholars, the mineralogist Karl Peters and the physicist Ludwig Boltzmann,41 moved to Graz as full professors; however, both moved in atypical circumstances. Boltzmann changed his university quite frequently, and Peters had only a provisional professorship in Vienna because of his relocation from Pest.42 Eight Privatdozenten from Vienna came to Graz via other universities. Nine scholars moved on, five to Vienna, two to Prague, and one each to Innsbruck and Berlin. In total,