Page - 194 - in Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 - A Social History of a Multilingual Space

194 ♦  Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 from Habsburg universities, gradually moving toward the creation and analy sis of a Polish collective imagination and history. As in Bohemia, linguistic changes in Galicia brought changes in ap- pointment practice. Transfers between Galician and German-speaking Habsburg universities, however, were more common than in the Czech case. Twenty-five scholars transferred from other Habsburg to Galician in- stitutions, with peaks in 1849–64 (seven) and 1890–1900 (eight), but only a small percentage of scholars transferred in this direction. Most of the mobile instructors who were members of the philosophical faculty had habilitated in Vienna and were promoted from the position of Privatdozent when they moved to Galicia. After the language reforms, the number of such trans- fers increased in absolute terms, but they made up a smaller proportion of appointments because the number of chairs at Cisleithanian universi- ties grew considerably during this period. The character of such transfers also changed: German-speaking scholars born in Austria and Bohemia had predominated up to 1864, but after that time most appointees from abroad were scholars from the German Empire and Galicia who had habilitated in Vienna, or Polish speakers born outside Galicia. The growing number of Galician civil servants working in Vienna was one of the main reasons for this development. Either they or their children habilitated at the University of Vienna, the German-language Habsburg university from which Galician institutions appointed most scholars. Moreover, only a few scholars were appointed from universities in the Russian and German Empires, ten and eleven respectively, with the larg- est number coming from the Warsaw Main School; however, scholars who taught at other universities, such as those in Kazan or St. Petersburg, were also appointed. The number of proposed scholars from abroad who were not appointed was not high, with financial issues being the largest problem in the negotiations.88 In other cases, the faculty had to withdraw propos- als because the candidates did not accept the facilities available.89 As the nominal salaries in the Habsburg Empire were low compared with those in other empires, appointments from both neighboring empires were limited to Privatdozenten, with a few personally motivated exceptions. Similarly, only a few Galician scholars were appointed to universities in the German and Russian Empires, mostly for disciplines linked with Polish language and history. An analogous pattern can be found in appointments from Galicia to German-language universities in the Habsburg Empire. These transfers