Page - 195 - in Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 - A Social History of a Multilingual Space

Chapter 5 ♦  195 occurred in larger numbers only in 1860–64 (when there were seven) and 1870–74 (nine), which was linked to language reforms and the relocation (Versetzung) of German-speaking scholars. Of the scholars leaving Galicia after the 1870s, almost half had occupied chairs with German as the lan- guage of instruction, with a negligible number of transfers of scholars who regularly taught in Polish. Polish-speaking scholars teaching in Galicia were also, with four exceptions, not considered as nominees for chairs. Clearly, both the Bohemian and the Galician universities were promoting their own staff, which influenced the relations between these universities. Although Bohemian and Galician scholars cooperated at a personal level, transfers were rare and, when they did occur, were linked with personal connections. Given the concentration on younger scholars, the facilities of the various university faculties, and the invitation of scholars from abroad (to occupy a chair or habilitate), the low number of transfers between the philosophical faculties of the two Galician universities after 1867 is unsurprising; only nineteen scholars moved from Cracow to L’viv, and eight moved in the oppo- site direction. These were generally Privatdozenten who were appointed as professors (eight and four, respectively) or who changed their affiliation (five and two), and there were similarly few transfers with other institutions. One cannot speak of returning scholars, as these mobile teachers had graduated either at the university of habilitation or at German-language universities. Transfers remained similarly limited at medical faculties: L’viv acquired its medical faculty only late in the nineteenth century.90 However, the faculty’s most important physician in this period, Ludwik Rydygier, was nominated from Cracow. Further, only a few scholars moved to or from other academic institutions within Galicia (technical and arts academies and the Academy of Agriculture in Dubliany/Dublany; see table 12); nevertheless, a larger num- ber of scholars worked in museums, archives, or libraries in addition to their university positions (e.g., at the Ossolineum, which actively accommodated and supported humanists in L’viv). Reorienting more and more from the Habsburg system to a “Polish” ac- ademia, Galician universities nonetheless remained bound to the Habsburg legal system, which regulated, although with local differences, the num- ber and designations of chairs, remuneration, and habilitation procedures. On all these issues, Cisleithanian universities organized collective efforts, uniting scholars from institutions across the monarchy. The denotations of disciplines were also relatively binding, and the structure of the faculties