Page - 197 - in Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 - A Social History of a Multilingual Space

Chapter 5 ♦  197 for scientific quality in the empire, which L’viv’s scholars, of course, did not want to accept.95 One final feature of the Galician academic exchange within the Habsburg Empire is worth mentioning. By comparing the careers of appointees from the Habsburg Empire, be they Polish-speaking or German-speaking, with those of scholars appointed from the Russian Empire, one sees that after the language change and the first wave of purging the university of “German” professors, new appointees who did not know Polish cooperated peacefully and fruitfully with others in the faculties. (The exception was the notorious German nationalist August Sauer: in 1883, when he was a young man, his contract as a professor in L’viv was not made permanent because he had insulted Polish people in Galicia by criticizing the lack of civilization in the province in a series of articles printed in German-language newspa- pers in L’viv.96) Just about all of the non-Polish Habsburg scholars proposed by the faculties, such as the professors of German literature and language and the professor of animal husbandry Leopold Adametz, learned Polish and took part in the local cultural life of the province.97 Ironically, while Vienna- or Graz-educated scholars adapted well to Galicia, most scholars who were educated in the Russian Empire and then moved to Galicia met with conflict, and some even eventually returned to Russia.98 Several others, including the important Darwinist Benedykt Dybowski, remained after serious clashes.99 In any case, Habsburg trans- fers proved much less conflict laden than “intra-Polish” ones, uniting the empire at a nonlinguistic cultural level more than historians have thus far brought to light. A slightly different and more colorful picture of educational diversity can be obtained by looking at scholars’ places of graduation, as the number of scholars who had not graduated from a Galician university was rather high. Because L’viv and Cracow were the only universities with Polish lectures, with the exception of the Warsaw Main School between 1857 and 1863, they attracted Polish-speaking scholars from abroad for habilitation. At the same time, both the universities and the authorities supported young scholars with scholarships to allow them to study outside Galicia; such stays were directed toward the German Empire rather than other Habsburg universities.100 Some grants included a formal requirement of habilitation within a certain time; these were also limited to provincial universities. Teacher-student relations facilitated this: scholars proposed that their students habilitate in Galicia, or young scholars were sent to German-language universities, following the