Page - 198 - in Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 - A Social History of a Multilingual Space

198 ♦  Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 path of scholars who had studied there before. Here, one can also see that scholarships were awarded predominantly to those from German-speaking countries, although Britain and France became increasingly popular in the late nineteenth century; “German” education was highly valued in all dis- ciplines and mentioned positively in most decisions. Albeit unsuccessful to begin with, Dietl’s invitation to Polish scholars to habilitate in Galicia (see above) bore fruit, and the number of schol- ars who had been educated abroad soared, especially among new professors. While non-Galician graduates made up around 25 percent of new appoin- tees at both medical faculties in the late nineteenth century, this number was around 50 percent at philosophical faculties; in both cases, graduates from German Empire universities were dominant. In Cracow graduates of German-language Habsburg universities came in third after graduates from the Russian Empire.101 The scholars who had graduated in the German and Russian Empires included some who were not born in those empires; also, a high number of scholars from the Russian Empire and Galicia had graduated from universities in the German Empire. In contrast, those born in neighboring empires very rarely graduated in Galicia. However, at the individual universities, most nonlocal graduates had earned their PhDs in Vienna, except in the medical faculty in L’viv, where Cracow provided the most young physicians. No university in the German Empire came close to providing as many graduates as Vienna. Of the German Empire uni- versities, Leipzig provided the most graduates, for both the medical and philosophical faculties. Making National Scholars As mentioned above, recruiting appropriate scholars was a matter of the utmost importance for Slavic universities. In both Galicia and Bohemia, the question of how to appoint scholars speaking the appropriate language and at the same time sustain scholarly quality was a vital one, not least be- cause German activists closely followed the nomination procedures to find confirmation of the superiority of German scholars. While both universities intended to support local, national scholars, occasionally they had to resort to academics from abroad. At the Czech University in Prague, scholars identifying as Ger- man were clearly not an option. Other Slavic scholars who did not speak Czech were only rarely considered for professorships.102 The Galician-born