Page - 259 - in Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 - A Social History of a Multilingual Space

Chapter 7 ♦  259 only three ministers in the interwar period not being connected to Galician universities.76 The dominance of Habsburg scholars among the instructors teaching in interwar Poland is clear. Most came from Galician institutions (44 percent), while 17 percent (186 people) came from the Vistula Land and a further 11 percent from the Russian Empire.77 For example, thirty-four scholars in the humanities and natural sciences in interwar Poland had previously taught at universities in the Russian Empire, with eleven professors from St. Petersburg and Kiev. In the medical sciences, the number was thirty, with twelve professors and seven docents (predominantly from St. Petersburg), nine professors in law and economics, and thirteen professors in technical disciplines.78 While this number hints at the variety of origins of the scholars in the Republic of Poland, the predominance of Habsburg scholars was still visible in most faculties. In Warsaw 30 percent of the instructors up to 1927 had previously taught in Cracow or L’viv; most of these scholars were work- ing in the humanities in the philosophy department. Such dependence on post-Habsburg scholars clearly diminished over time, as the university in the Polish capital, Warsaw, saw more Polish students graduate there.79 The dominance of Galician scholars at the universities in Poznań and Vilnius, as well as the private Catholic University in Lublin (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski), was even greater, ranging from around 30 percent to 100 per- cent (the latter at, e.g., the Vilnius philosophical faculty between 1919 and 1920).80 This dominance is even more evident if one considers that these statistics include scholars in all posts and that Galician scholars were mostly full professors. Only in the rarest of cases were scholars from German-language Habsburg universities appointed; the universities in the new states were clearly concentrating on local appointments. Also, long-standing ties had weakened, such as those with the Collegium Canisianum in Innsbruck, which before the war had been an important place for Galician clergy and theologians. Five former Canisianum students were instructors at the Cracow theological faculty, twelve in L’viv, and one in Vilnius. Some fa- mous priests of the Second Republic had been students at the Canisianum; of these, Adam Sapieha, archbishop of Cracow and after 1946 a cardinal, was the most prominent.81 One important side effect of this wave of appointments at the new uni- versities was the depletion of instructors at the universities in Little Poland: