Page - 262 - in Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 - A Social History of a Multilingual Space

262 ♦  Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 Stadt Danzig).91 The only Ukrainian postsecondary school in Poland, the Theological Academy (Богословська Академія, now the Ukrainian [Greek] Catholic University in L’viv, founded in 1929), was regarded as a continuation of the Greek Catholic seminary Barbareum (Regium gener- ale Seminarium Graeco-Catholicum Viennae ad Sanctam Barbaram; St. Barbara Royal Greek Catholic Seminary in Vienna), established in 1774 in Vienna and moved in 1783 to L’viv. Its first rector, Josyf Slipyi, had been ed- ucated at the Canisianum in Innsbruck, which in the interwar period was of greater importance for Greek Catholic clergy than for their Roman Catholic counterparts.92 Interestingly, most Ukrainian scholars who gained chairs and docent appointments at universities in Poland had studied for some time in Vienna, notably in Slavic languages and comparative philology.93 Polish-language universities also gradually incorporated scholars from the Secret University, but Ukrainian organizations saw these concessions as inadequate. The question of universities and scholarship in general had a significant impact on the collective memory of Ukrainians: the Habsburg government had protected Ukrainian culture, and the Habsburg period there- fore still had positive connotations in Western Ukraine (whereas the Second Polish Republic was seen as a period of greater oppression), contributing largely to the myth of Galicia in the collective memory in the eastern border- lands of Ukraine. The Ukrainian émigré historian Ivan Lysiak-Rudnyckyï (also Ivan L. Rudnytsky) used the famous expression “this is worse than a crime; it is a stupidity” to describe the policies of the Polish government toward Ukrainians during this period.94 Even if one does not agree about the historical accuracy of this statement, it says much about how the period entered the collective memory. Old Connections With post-Habsburg scholars dominating academia in the newly founded states, the question remains to what extent this facilitated contacts between these states. The new states by no means ceased pursuing the internation- alist goals set before the war, and they made these one of the pillars of their policy of scholarly development.95 Since the academic exchanges that had taken place during the Habsburg period had weakened during the early twentieth century and were no longer politically prescribed, a geographic reorientation was possible. This was visible, for example, in the case of the