Page - 264 - in Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 - A Social History of a Multilingual Space

264 ♦  Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 mutual visits and, to a limited extent, joint projects, which extended, af- ter Twardowski’s death, into a period of exile in the United States.103 Władysław Mieczysław Kozłowski, whom the Habsburg ministry had denied a Privatdozentur in L’viv before the war and who was a friend of the Prague professor of philosophy František Drtina, strove in Poznań, where he had held a professorship since 1920, to intensify scientific contact by establishing the Polish-Czechoslovak Society (Towarzystwo Polsko-Czechosłowackie). He also published in Czech and visited Prague several times as a guest lec- turer, even living part-time in Czechoslovakia after his retirement from the university.104 German studies shows a similarly interesting situation and hints at ma- jor changes in university politics in the 1930s. Since no German studies scholars identifying as Poles had gained academic positions before the war, Galician universities retained those from other former Habsburg provinces well into the interwar period. The students of their similarly non-Galician predecessors held most chairs of German studies in Poland after 1918.105 One exception was the newly created chair in Vilnius in 1927, for which the university nominated the Graz historian of language Franz Doubek, which indicates once more how important the connections with post-Habsburg states were.106 But the changing geopolitical situation also affected this leg- acy, and one of the post-Habsburg German-speaking scholars of the German language, Spiridion Wukadinović, had to leave Cracow in 1933 owing to a conflict over a talk he gave in Weimar on Goethe and Poland, during which the scholar referred to several anti-Polish declarations of the poet, as a cri- tique of the independence of Polish culture. An influential diplomat and newly nominated Polish ambassador to Germany, Józef Lipski, denounced Wukadinović’s lecture. Wukadinović, who identified as a German and, be- fore his untimely lecture, was a renowned teacher and translator, was a victim not only of growing cultural tensions but also of the tight political oversight of academic institutions introduced in 1933, after which academic autonomy decreased substantially.107 Another Austrian scholar, Leopold Adametz, remained highly success- ful in postwar Poland. After he left Cracow in 1898, returning to Vienna, he maintained intensive contact with his former colleagues and held regular classes in Cracow between 1921 and 1928. Even after his retirement, he often gave guest lectures, and in 1931 his seventieth birthday was commemo- rated with a special issue of the Polish Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych i Leśnych (Agricultural and forest annual).108