Page - 323 - in Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 - A Social History of a Multilingual Space

Notes to Chapter 3 ♦  323 Occasion of the 600th Anniversary of the Foundation of the University of Buda, ed. László Szögi and Júlia Varga (Budapest: Bak-Fisch KTF, 1997), 259–60. 13. Unless otherwise indicated, the information in the following paragraphs is from Czas, 23 October 1860 (Franz Joseph’s letter), 31 October 1860, 10 November 1860, 15 November 1860, 22 November 1860, 19 December 1860, 20 December 1860, 24 February 1861, and 20 March 1861. 14. The first delegation (November 1860) included Bartynowski; the head of the Cracow Learned Society, Franciszek Stroński; the dean of the medical faculty, Józef Dietl; and the professors Edward Fierich and Józef Majer. The second del- egation (March 1861) included Bartynowski, Dietl, and Fierich. 15. This liberal period was short lived, and by 1864 there was a numerus clausus for Polish students (numerus clausus, literally “closed number,” refers to a limitation on the number of students of a certain nationality or confession). This was espe- cially problematic because the Warsaw Main School was closed in 1869 and in its place a Russian-language university was founded. See, on the numerus clausus, Darius Staliūnas, Making Russians: Meaning and Practice of Russification in Lithuania and Belarus after 1863 (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2007), 100–105. 16. Czas, 17 January 1861. 17. Antoni Zygmunt Helcel, Uwagi nad kwestyą językową w szkołach i uniwersytet­ ach Galicyi i Krakowa, osnowane na liście odręcznym Jego C. K. Apostolskiej Mości z dnia 20 października 1860 r. (Cracow: D. E. Friedlein, 1860); and Józef Dietl, O reformie szkół krajowych, vol. 1, Stanowisko szkoły, rada szkolna krajowa, język (Cracow: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 1865). 18. The arguments in favor of German education were familiar to both scholars. Dietl, for example, countered in his book the arguments of Helfert’s Die sprach­ liche Gleichberechtigung in der Schule und ihre verfassungsmäßige Behandlung (Prague: Tempsky, 1861). 19. See for a more detailed discussion Surman, “Symbolism.” 20. Moklak, W walce, 47, 70. 21. The full text, in Polish, of the decree granting the Jagiellonian University bilin- gual status is found in Czas, 17 February 1861 (part 1), and Czas, 19 February 1861 (part 2). 22. Andreas Kappeler, Kleine Geschichte der Ukraine, 2nd ed. (Munich: Beck, 2000), 126. 23. Because of L’viv’s location, the school had three names: the Cisars’ko-Korolivs’ka Akademična Himnazija (Цісарсько-Королівська Академічна Гімназія), the Cesarsko-Królewskie Akademickie Gimnazjum, and the Akademisches Gymnasium. 24. Response of the ministry to an inquiry of the Supreme Ruthenian Council, 9 January 1849, quoted in Moser, “Some Viennese Contributions,” 141; on Ruthenian gymnasia, see Petro Polishchuk and Bohdan Struminsky, “Gymnasium,” in Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine, n.d., http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /display.asp?linkpath=pages\G\Y\Gymnasium.htm (accessed 1 December 2014). 25. Alexei I. Miller, The Ukrainian Question: The Russian Empire and Nationalism in