Page - 368 - in Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 - A Social History of a Multilingual Space

368 ♦  Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 109. Gary B. Cohen, Education and Middle­ Class Society in Imperial Austria, 1848– 1918 (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1996), 232–33. 110. Steven Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 1867–1938: A Cultural History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 36. 111. For Chernivtsi see Erich Prokopowitsch, Gründung, Entwicklung und Ende der Franz­ Josephs­ Universität in Czernowitz (Clausthal-Zellerfeld: Pieper, 1955), 38 (numbers at the law and philosophical faculties). 112. Dr. K.L., “Żydzi na uniwersytecie,” Krytyka 16, no. 41 (1914): 389–91. 113. See Krytyka 16, no. 42 (1914): 116–19, 179–81, 239–42. 114. The numbers rose in the first few years after 1918 but then, owing to growing anti-Semitism and discussions on the numerus clausus rule, decreased again. See especially Kulczykowski, Żydzi—studenci, 329–34. 115. The best known are Friedrich Pineles, Sigmund Fraenkel, Jacob Erdheim, Josef Herzig, Max Margules, Leon Kellner, Sigmund Herzberg-Fränkel, and Cäsar Pomeranz; the last three were also later professors in Chernivtsi, but the overall number of Galician-born scholars at German-language universities was low. 116. Seebacher, Das Fremde. 117. See, for example, on latent anti-Semitism in academia Sigurd Paul Scheichl, “The Context and Nuances of Anti-Jewish Language: Were All the ‘Antisemites’ Antisemites?,” in Jews, Antisemitism, and Culture in Vienna, ed. Ivar Oxaal, Michael Pollak, and Gerhard Both (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987), 89–110. 118. Theodor Billroth, Über das Lehren und Lernen der medicinischen Wissenschaften an den Universitäten der deutschen Nation (Vienna: Gerold, 1876), translated into English as The Medical Sciences in the German Universities: A Study in the History of Civilization, with an introduction by William H. Welch (New York: Macmillan, 1924). 119. Billroth, Medical Sciences, e.g., 106–7. More on this issue in Felicitas Seebacher, “ ‘Der operierte Chirurg’: Theodor Billroths Deutschnationalismus und aka- demischer Antisemitismus,” Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 56, no. 4 (2006): 317–38; and Tatjana Buklijas, “Surgery and National Identity in Late Nineteenth-Century Vienna,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 38, no. 4 (2007): 756–74. 120. See the discussion in Lisa Kienzl, Nation, Identität und Antisemitismus: Der deutschsprachige Raum der Donaumonarchie 1866 bis 1914 (Göttingen: V&R Unipress, 2014). 121. The most important right-wing Catholic parties in Cisleithania were the Christian Social Party in Austria, the independent Czech Christian Social Party (estab- lished in 1894), and National Democracy in Galicia. 122. The most polarizing affairs were the Tiszaeszlár affair in Hungary (1882–83), the Hilsner affair in Bohemia (1899–1900), and the French Dreyfus affair (1894). 123. See, for example, Porter, When Nationalism; Michal Frankl, “Emancipace od židů” Český antisemitismus na konci 19. Století (Prague: Paseka, 2007); and John W. Boyer, Culture and Political Crisis in Vienna: Christian Socialism in Power, 1897–1918 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).