Page - 223 - in Urban Sprawl and Policy Responses - A General Equilibrium Analysis of Residential Choice in a New Economic Geography Framework

Table of contents

1. Abbreviations 9
2. Introduction 11
   1. Empirical motivation and scientific background: The importance of transport related antisprawl policies 11
      1. The impact of transportation on environment, health and climate 11
      2. The link between spatial economic activity and transportation 13
      3. The potential of policy options to address vehicle emissions via patterns of land use 15
      4. The challenge of urban sprawl 17
      5. The driving factors of urban sprawl 18
      6. The consequences of urban sprawl 21
   2. Contribution to the literature and scientific relevance 23
      1. Contributing to the issue of urban sprawl 23
      2. Methodological advancements 24
      3. Contributing a simulation and policy model to the literature 25
   3. Structure of the dissertation 27
3. The renewed interest in general theory on location and space economy 29
   1. Development of the new economic geography 29
      1. Theoretical roots 29
      2. Geography in economics 32
      3. Key characteristics 36
   2. Models of the new economic geography 40
      1. Core-periphery models 40
      2. Urban system models 46
      3. Trade models 50
   3. New directions in the new economic geography 51
      1. Rationality and behaviour of economic agents 51
      2. Transport costs 53
      3. Presentation of geography 55
      4. Empirical evidence and policy relevance 57
   4. Conclusions 63
4. A theoretical model of residential choice with commuting and transport related pollution 65
   1. Conceptual framework and literature basis 65
   2. The analytical model framework 68
      1. Regions and factors of production 68
      2. Consumption and transport costs 69
      3. Housing 74
      4. Environmental quality 76
      5. Manufacturing 79
      6. Model extension: Sources of local pollutants 81
      7. Discussion: Modelling of transport costs and trade in general equilibrium models 83
   3. Properties of equilibria 92
      1. Instantaneous equilibrium 92
      2. The home-market-effect and the price-index-effect 95
      3. Long run equilibrium 98
      4. Existence and stability conditions 103
   4. Centripetal and centrifugal forces 106
      1. Spatial externalities in the urban sprawl model 106
      2. The home-market-effect 108
      3. The price-index-effect 110
      4. The competition-effect 111
      5. The housing-density-effect 112
      6. The quality-of-living-effect 114
   5. Summary of the theoretical approach 117
   6. Appendix 121
      1. Derivation of utility maximisation by consumers 121
      2. Derivation of profit maximisation by firms 126
      3. Stability of the symmetric equilibrium for identical regions 130
5. Empirical application: Simulation of urban sprawl and policy responses 135
   1. Empirical application for a (peri­)urban region in Austria 135
      1. Implementation of the new economic geography model in a computable general equilibrium format 136
      2. The study region 138
      3. Parameterisation of the empirical model 142
      4. The baseline scenario 152
      5. The urban sprawl scenario 157
   2. Development of anti­sprawl policy scenarios 165
      1. The role of policy for environmental sustainability of urban and regional development 166
      2. Discussion and selection of policy instruments to address spatial structures and transport emissions 169
      3. Model implementation and evaluation of policy measures 172
   3. Policy simulations and quantitative results 174
      1. Cordon pricing 174
      2. Zoning 178
   4. Summary and discussion of the empirical model 184
   5. Appendix 190
6. Conclusions 205
   1. Summary of approach and results 205
      1. Methodological and empirical approach 205
      2. Quantitative model results 209
   2. Discussion and relevance of results 211
      1. Merits and policy relevance of modelling approach 211
      2. Comparison of policies to reduce transport emissions 214
   3. Suggestions for future work 217
7. GAMS/MPSGE Code 219
8. Bibliography 241
9. List of Tables and Figures 255