Page - 276 - in VULNERABLE - The Law, Policy and Ethics of COVID-19

VULNERABLE276 have difficulty interpreting consent or user agreements. Last, with AI-enabled contact-tracing apps, language or literacy barriers may impact symptom collection. Not only may some users not be able to fully understand the questionnaires, the interpretation of one’s symp- toms is necessarily subjective and can be influenced by anxiety, a ten- dency toward hypochondria or its opposite, or a perceived need to not be identified as symptomatic in order to be able to return to work, for example. Conclusion In sum, the issues raised by contact-tracing apps include privacy and security risks, but also broader issues of ethics and social justice. These issues must be carefully considered by developers and adopt- ing governments. Privacy impact assessments and algorithmic impact assessments are one way to identify and address issues. Transparency as to the results of these assessments can build public trust. A failure to carefully consider and address the legal, ethical, and social impli- cations of contact-tracing apps could lead to legitimacy failures for public health and technology firms, and stall our collective desire to mitigate fallout from COVID-19.