Page - 568 - in VULNERABLE - The Law, Policy and Ethics of COVID-19

VULNERABLE568 Explanation for Figure F4.1: As early as March 18, 2020, 18 countries had mandated quarantines for incoming travellers from high-risk regions like China, 55 countries had imposed bans against travel from high-risk regions, and 37 countries had enacted total bor- der closures. March 18, 2020, was chosen as the map’s date of refer- ence because several countries enacted total border closures on that day, including Canada, Georgia, Oman, Venezuela, and Somalia. Two months later, on May 18, 2020, 14 countries had quarantines for travel- lers from high-risk regions, 29 countries had bans against travel from these regions, and 113 countries had total border closures. Explanation for Figures F4.2 and F4.3: Countries with tar- geted border closures against incoming travellers from high-risk regions (red) have fared no better than countries without targeted border closures (blue). Box F4.1 International Health Regulations (2005) Article 43 on Additional Health Measures21 43.1. These Regulations shall not preclude States Parties from implementing health measures, in accordance with their relevant national law and obligations under international law, in response to specific public health risks or public health emergencies of international concern, which: a. achieve the same or greater level of health protection than WHO recommendations; or b. are otherwise prohibited under Article 25, Article 26, para- graphs 1 and 2 of Article 28, Article 30, paragraph 1(c) of Article 31 and Article 33, provided such measures are other- wise consistent with these Regulations. Such measures shall not be more restrictive of international traf- fic and not more invasive or intrusive to persons than reasonably available alternatives that would achieve the appropriate level of health protection. 43.2. In determining whether to implement the health measures referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article or additional health mea- sures under paragraph 2 of Article 23, paragraph 1 of Article 27, paragraph 2 of Article 28 and paragraph 2(c) of Article 31, States Parties shall base their determinations upon: 21. World Health Organization, supra note 8.