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THE FIRST WORLD WAR - and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
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M onarchy appeared to fall at the hurdle of dualism. Instead of setting maximum price limits, goods were seized. The range of rationed goods increased week by week. It was not only food and substitute materials that were affected : from the end of 1916, animal feed such as turnips, hay and straw were also strictly rationed. And Aus- tria-Hungary’s enemies knew this. They monitored developments using all the means at their disposal, gathered together all information obtained from their intelligence services and produced increasingly comprehensive reports on the economic situation of the Central Powers and the resulting political consequences. In the case of Aus- tria-Hungary, a clean distinction was made between the two halves of the Empire, and its dependence on Germany was emphasised with increasing force.1494 As British analysts wrote in their reports during September and October 1916 : ‘The major part of the Hungarian population is tired of the war and only wishes to return to peace’. However, they continued, it had to be taken into account here that all political forces, including Tisza, had their hands tied, since Austria-Hungary was so closely linked to Germany. Until the war had begun against Romania, the only talk had been of a separate peace. The officers, they said, were no longer in favour of continuing the war, and were dominated by a feeling of helplessness. The declaration of war by Roma- nia had changed a great deal. Now, they claimed, people were again full of admiration for the Germans, and placed their hopes in Germany.1495 The reports also stated that the question of signing a separate peace was consequently debated rather in passing in the Hungarian parliament, since, first of all, Transylvania would have to be liberated before any further discussion could take place as to how to proceed further. While the Hungarian parties may have been at loggerheads over most other issues, they were in agreement when it came to Transylvania and Romania. However, according to the British analyses, the lack of food was also a central issue in Hungary. The Hungarian millers had also warned that by the summer of 1917 at the latest, further reductions would have to be made, since the current quantities of bread cereals would no longer be available, even if maize were used. The Hungarians also complained that they were being forced to give up so much to Austria and Germany. The situation was exacerbated, the British continued, by the refugees from Transylva- nia, who also needed to be fed. However, complaining and criticising others was quite simply normal behaviour during the war. And there were so many opportunities for presenting oneself as being at a disadvantage. This could already be seen in 1914, when the implementation of the Law on War Contributions was discussed, but also when it
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THE FIRST WORLD WAR and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
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Titel
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Untertitel
and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
Autor
Manfried Rauchensteiner
Verlag
Böhlau Verlag
Ort
Wien
Datum
2014
Sprache
englisch
Lizenz
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
ISBN
978-3-205-79588-9
Abmessungen
17.0 x 24.0 cm
Seiten
1192
Kategorien
Geschichte Vor 1918

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  1. 1 On the Eve 11
  2. 2 Two Million Men for the War 49
  3. 3 Bloody Sundays 81
  4. 4 Unleashing the War 117
  5. 5 ‘Thank God, this is the Great War!’ 157
  6. 6 Adjusting to a Longer War 197
  7. 7 The End of the Euphoria 239
  8. 8 The First Winter of the War 283
  9. 9 Under Surveillance 317
  10. 10 ‘The King of Italy has declared war on Me’ 355
  11. 11 The Third Front 383
  12. 12 Factory War and Domestic Front, 1915 413
  13. 13 Summer Battle and ‘Autumn Swine’ 441
  14. 14 War Aims and Central Europe 469
  15. 15 South Tyrol : The End of an Illusion (I) 497
  16. 16 Lutsk :The End of an Illusion (II) 521
  17. 17 How is a War Financed ? 555
  18. 18 The Nameless 583
  19. 19 The Death of the Old Emperor 607
  20. 20 Emperor Karl 641
  21. 21 The Writing on the Wall 657
  22. 22 The Consequences of the Russian February Revolution 691
  23. 23 Summer 1917 713
  24. 24 Kerensky Offensive and Peace Efforts 743
  25. 25 The Pyrrhic Victory : The Breakthrough Battle of Flitsch-Tolmein 769
  26. 26 Camps 803
  27. 27 Peace Feelers in the Shadow of Brest-Litovsk 845
  28. 28 The Inner Front 869
  29. 29 The June Battle in Veneto 895
  30. 30 An Empire Resigns 927
  31. 31 The Twilight Empire 955
  32. 32 The War becomes History 983
  33. Epilogue 1011
  34. Afterword 1013
  35. Acknowledgements and Dedication 1019
  36. Notes 1023
  37. Selected Printed Sources and Literature 1115
  38. Index of People and Places 1155
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