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the fortunes of his empire through 68 years. For Emperor Karl I, a few busts have to
suffice, and he only attracted greater attention again in connection with his beatification
in 2004. The prime ministers of the war era are buried in various local cemeteries and
family vaults. Archduke Friedrich, Army Supreme Commander from 1914 until the
end of 1916, is buried in Mosonmagyaróvár. Several military commanders, particularly
Field Marshal Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, were given honorary graves. Roads and
squares were also named after individuals such as Conrad, Archduke Eugen or Count
Viktor Dankl. This continues to be, or is once again, a thorn in the side to some people.
The treatment of the war memorials of the First World War, which are in fact the
most important and most widely distributed group of remembrance sites, has in the
interim long become entirely separated from the aspect that was the determining factor
in their being erected as substitute graves. They are part of the political veneration of
the dead, and are accordingly subject to shifting trends. What began to be constructed
already during the war as a symbol of mourning was conceivably treated differently
after 1918. And if an attempt is made today to bring to mind the memorial culture,
then elements emerge that may in some cases perfectly reflect the political changes,
but which no longer have anything in common with the original intention behind the
memorials, namely as places of mourning.
In Italy, the fortresses commemorating the dead in Friuli and the Julian March, the
majority of which were erected during the Fascist era, continue to be symbols of na-
tional remembrance. The slogan ‘Trento è Trieste’ has in this way retained its validity.
The areas around the memorials, most of which cover the ground on which the battles
raged, are a sacred zone. In the memorials erected later, those who fell in the Imperial
and Royal Army are also remembered, and are thus symbols of death as a levelling
force as well as of the final victory. Those who fell in Italy were not described as heroes,
however, but simply as ‘caduti’ (‘the fallen’).
In Slovenia, Fascist memorials mingle with those with a Slovenian nationalist ten-
dency, which are in fact Yugoslav memorials. However, in the interim, they now provide
an expression of a history linked to the Habsburg Empire and its final war while being
a symbol of national identity in equal measure.
In Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia, and to an equal extent in Transylvania
in Romania, however, the memorials that commemorate the fallen Austro-Hungarian
troops are rare. If they were not already erected during the war, there was subsequently
no need to find an expression for what had happened before and for the soldiers who had
fought for the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the form of an honorific commemora-
tion. For this reason, memorials such as the one in Kotor, which is dedicated to the men
who were executed for their part in the sailors’ uprising of 1918, are far more prominent.
However, they too are no longer a matter for national sentiment, in extremely clear con-
trast to Hungary, where remembrance of the war through memorials is far more preva-
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
- Titel
- THE FIRST WORLD WAR
- Untertitel
- and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918
- Autor
- Manfried Rauchensteiner
- Verlag
- Böhlau Verlag
- Ort
- Wien
- Datum
- 2014
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-205-79588-9
- Abmessungen
- 17.0 x 24.0 cm
- Seiten
- 1192
- Kategorien
- Geschichte Vor 1918
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- 1 On the Eve 11
- 2 Two Million Men for the War 49
- 3 Bloody Sundays 81
- 4 Unleashing the War 117
- 5 ‘Thank God, this is the Great War!’ 157
- 6 Adjusting to a Longer War 197
- 7 The End of the Euphoria 239
- 8 The First Winter of the War 283
- 9 Under Surveillance 317
- 10 ‘The King of Italy has declared war on Me’ 355
- 11 The Third Front 383
- 12 Factory War and Domestic Front, 1915 413
- 13 Summer Battle and ‘Autumn Swine’ 441
- 14 War Aims and Central Europe 469
- 15 South Tyrol : The End of an Illusion (I) 497
- 16 Lutsk :The End of an Illusion (II) 521
- 17 How is a War Financed ? 555
- 18 The Nameless 583
- 19 The Death of the Old Emperor 607
- 20 Emperor Karl 641
- 21 The Writing on the Wall 657
- 22 The Consequences of the Russian February Revolution 691
- 23 Summer 1917 713
- 24 Kerensky Offensive and Peace Efforts 743
- 25 The Pyrrhic Victory : The Breakthrough Battle of Flitsch-Tolmein 769
- 26 Camps 803
- 27 Peace Feelers in the Shadow of Brest-Litovsk 845
- 28 The Inner Front 869
- 29 The June Battle in Veneto 895
- 30 An Empire Resigns 927
- 31 The Twilight Empire 955
- 32 The War becomes History 983
- Epilogue 1011
- Afterword 1013
- Acknowledgements and Dedication 1019
- Notes 1023
- Selected Printed Sources and Literature 1115
- Index of People and Places 1155