Seite - 1052 - in THE FIRST WORLD WAR - and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914 – 1918

1052 Notes 669 The records and correspondence of Potiorek, which have been drawn from different sources, have been stored in the Austrian War Archives (Kriegsarchiv) in Vienna since the 1990s, Nachlass B/ 657. 670 The following in Kisch, Schreib das auf, 211–214. 671 Kaiser Franz Joseph never forgot the fact that the Bulgarian Tsar had wooed Katharina Schratt. From that time on, he displayed an undisguised aversion to the Coburger. 672 KA, Marterer Tagebuch, No. 2, 22.11.1914. 673 Kisch, Schreib das auf, 214 et seq. 674 KA, Marterer Tagebuch , No. 2, 1.12 and 2.12.1914. 675 Schanes, Serbien im Ersten Weltkrieg, 166–187. The examples given here can be multiplied almost in- definitely, as can the explanatory models. Wolfgang Höpken, Das Dickicht der Kriege, in : Wie Kriege entstehen, edited by Bernd Wegner (Paderborn, 2000, 319–367) explains the excessive use of violence in the theatres of war in the Balkan region as a ‘privatisation of violence”. This too fails to sufficiently ex- plain the phenomenon of violence in this region during the course of the 20th century. Daniela Schanes follows a sensible principle to the extent that she investigates individual examples, rather than simply citing ‘manic calculated destruction’ and an ‘excessive desire to kill’. 676 KA, Marterer Tagebuch, No. 2, 10.12.1914. 677 Ibid. 678 KA, KM Präs. 1914, 83-18/13. 679 Michael Salewski has attempted to put the noise of war into words : Lärm, Monotonie und Dynamik in den Weltkriegen des 20. Jahrhunderts, in : Historische Mitteilungen, edited by Ranke-Gesellschaft, Vol. 22 (Stuttgart, 2009), 188–204. 680 The Austro-Hungarian figures should naturally also be set in relation to those for other participants in the war, particularly those for the Russians. There, also, it became evident that the old cadre of active troop officers no longer existed at the end of 1914, and that they were replaced by briefly and poorly trained officers. Incompetence and a lack of authority increasingly became a problem. On this subject, see Dietrich Beyrau and Pavel P. Shcherbinin, Alles für die Front : Russland im Krieg 1914– 922, in : Durchhalten ! Krieg und Gesellschaft im Vergleich, op. cit., 157. 681 Decree of the Imperial and Royal War Ministry dated 28.10.1914, quoted in Germann, Österre- ichisch-ungarische Kriegsführung, 99. 682 Deák, Der k. (u.) k. Offizier, 233. 8. The First Winter of the War 683 Ludwig Thálloczy, Tagebücher, 23.VI.1914–31.XII.1914, edited by Ferdinand Hauptmann and Anton Prasch (Graz, 1981), 284. 684 Mateja, Oberösterreich, 82. 685 Arthur J. May, The Passing of the Habsburg Monarchy, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1966), here Vol. 1, 102. 686 Foreign Relations of the United States, Supplement 1915 : The World War (Washington, D.C., 1928), 10, Report by Penfield, 29.1.1915. On Penfield see the very critical view of Heinrich Drimmel in the corresponding sections of : Die Antipoden. 687 A comprehensive summary of the Austro-Hungarian, German and other war aims, though not one based on primary sources, is provided by Martin Hekele, Die Kriegszielpolitik der österreichisch-un- garischen Monarchie im Ersten Weltkrieg, doctoral thesis, University of Vienna, 1996. 688 Valiani, The End, 81. 689 Horst Günther Linke, Das zarische Russland und der Erste Weltkrieg. Diplomatie und Kriegsziele