Seite - 172 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

172 E.Calliari et al. Table6.1 Party/Groupingcalling for compensation in theperiod1991–2016 Year Party/grouping 1991 AOSIS 2008 AOSIS;SriLanka 2009 Brazil;Colombia; India;NicaraguaonbehalfofGuatemala,Dominican Republic,Honduras,PanamaandNicaragua;Turkey;Tuvalu;CookIsland; Algeriaonbehalfof theAfricangroup;AOSIS;Bolivia; 2010 Bolivia;Ghana;AOSIS;Maldives;TheBolivarianRepublicofVenezuelaon behalfofCuba,Bolivia,EcuadorandNicaragua;Alba; 2011 Mexicoa,SriLanka 2012 AOSIS;Gambia for theLDCs;Swaziland for theAfricanGroup;Ghana; BoliviawithEcuador,China,ElSalvador,Guatemala,Thailand,Philippines, Nicaragua; 2013 AOSIS 2014 CentralAmerican IntegrationSystem(SICA, inSpanish) 2015 (pre-PA) AOSIS,G77 2015–2016 (post-PA) Bolivia,Nicaragua,CookIslands;Micronesia (FederatedStatesof);Nauru; Niue;SolomonIslands;Tuvalu aMexico does not properly call for compensation, but rather highlights it among themechanisms that couldbe“identified,prioritisedanddeveloped” inplacingL&Dasa truly thirdpillarof climateaction. Inparticular,L&Ddoesnot seemtobeplacedonanequal footingwithmitigationandadaptation in theclimate regimedesignedbytheParisAgreementasnoreferenceismadetoArticle8byother treatyprovisions. It isnotmentioned in thepurposeof theAgreement (Article2), in thecontextof the“ambitiousefforts”required toachieve it (Article3), in therelated transparencyframework(Article13),or in theglobalstocktakeprocess(Article14). This signalsnot only the“lastminute”natureof theagreement reachedatCOP21, but also—andmost importantly—the contested status that L&Dcontinues to have under theUNFCCC.Besides the symbolicmeaningofkeepingL&Dseparate from adaptation,Article8containsnothingmore than tentativeandcautious language. 6.5 FromTheory toPractice:NextStepsandKey Questions forMoving theL&DDiscourseForward Despitebeingoneof themost controversial issues tobe recently treatedwithin cli- mate negotiations, L&D has attracted little attention among IR scholars. Yet, the discipline can greatly contribute to the debate, not only by enhancing understand- ingof thenegotiationprocess and relatedoutcomesbut alsobyoffering insightson howtheissuecouldbefruitfullymovedforward.Thischapterspecificallyadopteda multi-facetednotionofpower,drawingfromtheneorealist, liberalandconstructivist