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172 E.Calliari et al.
Table6.1 Party/Groupingcalling for compensation in theperiod1991–2016
Year Party/grouping
1991 AOSIS
2008 AOSIS;SriLanka
2009 Brazil;Colombia; India;NicaraguaonbehalfofGuatemala,Dominican
Republic,Honduras,PanamaandNicaragua;Turkey;Tuvalu;CookIsland;
Algeriaonbehalfof theAfricangroup;AOSIS;Bolivia;
2010 Bolivia;Ghana;AOSIS;Maldives;TheBolivarianRepublicofVenezuelaon
behalfofCuba,Bolivia,EcuadorandNicaragua;Alba;
2011 Mexicoa,SriLanka
2012 AOSIS;Gambia for theLDCs;Swaziland for theAfricanGroup;Ghana;
BoliviawithEcuador,China,ElSalvador,Guatemala,Thailand,Philippines,
Nicaragua;
2013 AOSIS
2014 CentralAmerican IntegrationSystem(SICA, inSpanish)
2015 (pre-PA) AOSIS,G77
2015–2016
(post-PA) Bolivia,Nicaragua,CookIslands;Micronesia (FederatedStatesof);Nauru;
Niue;SolomonIslands;Tuvalu
aMexico does not properly call for compensation, but rather highlights it among themechanisms
that couldbe“identified,prioritisedanddeveloped”
inplacingL&Dasa truly thirdpillarof climateaction. Inparticular,L&Ddoesnot
seemtobeplacedonanequal footingwithmitigationandadaptation in theclimate
regimedesignedbytheParisAgreementasnoreferenceismadetoArticle8byother
treatyprovisions. It isnotmentioned in thepurposeof theAgreement (Article2), in
thecontextof the“ambitiousefforts”required toachieve it (Article3), in therelated
transparencyframework(Article13),or in theglobalstocktakeprocess(Article14).
This signalsnot only the“lastminute”natureof theagreement reachedatCOP21,
but also—andmost importantly—the contested status that L&Dcontinues to have
under theUNFCCC.Besides the symbolicmeaningofkeepingL&Dseparate from
adaptation,Article8containsnothingmore than tentativeandcautious language.
6.5 FromTheory toPractice:NextStepsandKey
Questions forMoving theL&DDiscourseForward
Despitebeingoneof themost controversial issues tobe recently treatedwithin cli-
mate negotiations, L&D has attracted little attention among IR scholars. Yet, the
discipline can greatly contribute to the debate, not only by enhancing understand-
ingof thenegotiationprocess and relatedoutcomesbut alsobyoffering insightson
howtheissuecouldbefruitfullymovedforward.Thischapterspecificallyadopteda
multi-facetednotionofpower,drawingfromtheneorealist, liberalandconstructivist
Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Title
- Loss and Damage from Climate Change
- Subtitle
- Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Authors
- Reinhard Mechler
- Laurens M. Bouwer
- Thomas Schinko
- Swenja Surminski
- JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer
- Publisher
- Springer Open
- Date
- 2019
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-72026-5
- Size
- 16.0 x 24.0 cm
- Pages
- 580
- Keywords
- Environment, Climate change, Environmental law, Environmental policy, Risk management
- Categories
- International
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima