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18 LossandDamage in theRapidlyChangingArctic 431
Researchonsocio-economicimpactshasalsoshownthatbiophysicalchangesare
impactinganthropogenicactivities in theArcticdirectly,but also indirectly through
increased economic interests, such as inmineral exploitation and other industrial
developments,affectingtraditionallanduseandcausingpollution.Therearenumber
of strands in the impacts and vulnerability literature andmany of these categories
touchupon the topics included in the internationalLossandDamagedebate,which
weplaceinsevenlooselydefinedcategories(Table18.1).Theclassificationisbased
onthemainfocusof thestudiesas indicatedbytitle,abstractandkeywords.Studies
modelling thechangesor impactsofclimatechange focuson theArcticasawhole.
Smaller scale ecological or biological studies tend to be site-specificwith varying
considerationsgiventotheirgeneralisabilityacrossareas.Themajorityofstudiesthat
address socio-economic aspects, either throughvulnerability or adaptation, tend to
considera specificcommunityorcountry.Aspartof thesestudies,NorthAmerican
analyses were very well represented whereas there were fewer studies from the
NordicArctic (Finland,Sweden,Norway)andSiberia (Russia).
Figure 18.1 presents these Arctic studies as a “keywordmining” visualisation
made bymeans of VOSviewer software. The termmap is based on a text corpus
option tovisualise themain topics found in thearticles.Thefigureshows theessen-
tial keywordsmost frequently encountered terms related toArctic climate impacts
and risks topic, extracted from the article titles and abstracts. 83 terms that met
the threshold of appearance 10 times were selected. The size of the circles indi-
cates frequenciesofkeywords.Circlecolours indicatecloserelatednessof the terms
(substance-wise). The termsmarkedwith the samecolour formacluster of related
terms that canbeseenasa topic.Linesexpressco-occurrenceof the termsbetween
theclusters either in thearticle title, or abstract, orboth.
As can be seen from the terms that emerged, much focus has been placed on
research into impacts related to infrastructure andvulnerability.Bothof thesehave
implications for the debate onLoss andDamage, even though thedebate itself has
largelybeenignoredinthecontextof theArctic.Studieshavecentredonidentifying
the impactsofclimatechangeonArcticsocieties in termsofboth infrastructureand
socio-economicconditions, and theirability toadapt.Theseanalysescanbeused to
identifytowhatextentcommunitiesareabletoadaptorwhethertheywillexperience
lossesanddamagesarising fromimpacts that theyarenot able toadapt to.
18.3.1 Biophysical Impacts
Since the publication of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
PanelonClimateChange(IPCC), ithasbeenrecentlyestimated that thedecreaseof
Arcticseaiceismorerapidthanaccordingtopreviousestimations(Hareetal.2011)
andtheArcticmeltingwill significantlyaffectsea level riseglobally(AMAP2017).
Climate change effects on sea ice-based ecosystems are likely to have significant
consequences,includingpossibleextinctionofsomespecies(JohannessenandMiles
2011). Another significant long-term trend in the Arctic areas is the thaw of the
Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Titel
- Loss and Damage from Climate Change
- Untertitel
- Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Autoren
- Reinhard Mechler
- Laurens M. Bouwer
- Thomas Schinko
- Swenja Surminski
- JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer
- Verlag
- Springer Open
- Datum
- 2019
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-72026-5
- Abmessungen
- 16.0 x 24.0 cm
- Seiten
- 580
- Schlagwörter
- Environment, Climate change, Environmental law, Environmental policy, Risk management
- Kategorien
- International
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima