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be present after the transformation as previously discussed [68]. The amorphous
phase may also present during the initially deposited MAPbI3-xClx, as indicated
by the envelope in some XRD spectra. In reference [69], the amorphous phase
MA5PbCl4I3 was also mentioned. Moreover, both XRD and photoluminescence
studies of MAPbI2Cl (2MAPbI3+MAPbCl3) indicate the existence of the amorphous
phase [70].
3.1. Crystal Structure of
MAPbI3 Layer
The parameters and transitions of phases of bulk MAPbI3 were included in references [60,61].
Here, we focus on the tetragonal and cubic phases [62]. In fact, there are no critical differences
between the two phases, except a slight rotation of PbI6 octahedra along the c‐axis. The atomic
structures of MAPbI3 of the two phases are shown in Figure 1A,B. Thus, the tetragonal phase can be
treated as a pseudocubic phase with a* = a/√2, c* = c/2 [63]. Below 54 °C, the cubic phase of MAPbI3
can be transformed into the tetragonal phase [60], and the opposite
transition occurs by
annealing
at
100 °C for 15 min [41]. In Figure 1C, the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the two phases are
shown.
After
transformation
to
the
tetragonal
phase,
the
(100)
and
(200)
peaks
of
cubic
MAPbI3
split,
also new (211) and (213) peaks show up. Here, we use the peak splitting as indictor for phase
transformation. Analysis of the MAPbI3‐xClx usually shows the cubic phase of MAPbI3, however,
with
a
much
more
preference
along
(100)
and
(200).
This
will
be
discussed
in
the
Sections
3.2
and
3.3.
Figure 1. Cont.
Materials
2016,
9,
123 4
of
13
Figure 1. (A) Atomic models of MAPbI3 with cubic phase; and (B) tetragonal phase; (C) the
calculated XRD patterns for MAPbI3 in both phases. (A) and (B) are reprinted from reference [64],
Copyright © IOP Publishing. Reproduced with permission. All rights reserved; (C) is reprinted from
reference [65],
Copyright © 2013, Royal
Society of Chemistry.
Another phase which should be noted is the amorphous phase. Pair distribution function
analysis of X‐ray scattering showed that after annealing at 100 °C for 30 min, the MAPbI3 in
meso‐porous
TiO2
has
about
30
atom%
in
medium
range
crystalline
order
and
the
other
70
atom%
in
a disordered state with a coherence length of 1.4 nm [66]. The poor crystallization of the MAPbI3 in
meso‐porous TiO2 was studied by high‐resolution TEM [67]. Quartz crystal microbalance
measurements suggest that during the sequential method only half of PbI2 is converted to MAPbI3
instantly, while the other half is involved in reversible transformation with MAPbI3. Additionally,
the amorphous character with a very small average crystallite size may be present after the
transformation as previously discussed [68]. The amorphous phase may also present during the
initially deposited MAPbI3‐xClx, as indicated by the envelope in some XRD spectra. In reference [69],
the
amorphous
phase
MA5PbCl4I3
was
also
mentioned.
Moreover,
both
XRD
and
photoluminescence
studies of MAPbI2Cl
(2MAPbI3+MAPbCl3)
indicate the existence of the
amorphous phase [70].
Figure 1. (A) Atomic models of MAPbI3 with cubic phase; and (B) tetragonal
phase; (C) the calculated XRD patterns for MAPbI3 in both phases. (A) and (B)
arereprintedfromreference [64],Copyright©IOPPublishing. Reproducedwith
permission. All rights reserved; (C) is reprintedfromreference [65],Copyright©
2013,RoyalSocietyofChemistry.
100
Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
- Titel
- Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
- Autor
- Joshua M. Pearce
- Herausgeber
- MDPI
- Ort
- Basel
- Datum
- 2016
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03842-217-4
- Abmessungen
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Seiten
- 216
- Schlagwörter
- Perovskite, Plasmonics, Nanostructured Materials, Anti-Reflection Coatings, Transparent Conductive Oxides, Amorphous Silicon, Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) Materials, Organic Photovoltaic Materials, Solar Energy Materials
- Kategorien
- Naturwissenschaften Physik
- Technik