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122 ♦ Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918
seeking habilitation were seldom unknown at the university; in most cases
they were already active within its walls as assistants or demonstrators.142
It was also quite common for students (including, although to a lesser ex-
tent, Privatdozenten) to move with their teachers to another university. Such
moves could transgress both state and cultural boundaries.143 In Galicia
and Bohemia, the search for assistants was in many cases a search for a
successor; the older professors would support their assistants in gaining
scholarships and developing the necessary contacts.144 The primary selec-
tion was thus made when choosing and promoting graduate students.145 At
the same time, especially at medical faculties, many Privatdozenten moved
after graduation, predominantly from the capital city to smaller universities,
often in positions as assistants. But contacts with the faculty were clearly
also important. Except in one case, all rejected habilitations in the empire
were by scholars who were not working as assistants.146 And even in that
case a second try was successful.147
At the same time, professionalization lessened the chances of entering
academia for scholars who were outsiders. After the 1850s, transitions from
a long-term position in a profession not tied to a university (including as
a gymnasium teacher) to a university position were rare; scholarly abil-
ity demonstrated in specialized publications gained weight over teaching
abilities. By 1884 teachers who had not previously held university posi-
tions could not be directly appointed as full professors but only as associate
professors.148
The professionalization of academia can also be seen in the fact that ha-
bilitation took place rather swiftly after graduation, that is, after 5.8 years (at
an average age of thirty) in philosophical faculties and after 8.7 years (at an
average age of thirty-three) in medical faculties. Scholars who habilitated
by the average age were promoted two and a half years sooner in both
faculties. Those older than the average took three years longer to be pro-
moted; however, for those who habilitated around the ages of thirty-five
and thirty-eight, respectively, the period between habilitation and promo-
tion was considerably longer, distorting the statistics. Around 10 percent
of habilitations were concluded after the age of forty, substantially longer
after these scholars’ graduation, raising the question of what motivated older
scholars to habilitate. Although some older Privatdozenten succeeded in
gaining professorships, most remained in the role of Privatdozent, and it is
rather improbable that scholars habilitating at an older age aimed to have
an academic career.149
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Buch Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918 - A Social History of a Multilingual Space"
Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918
A Social History of a Multilingual Space
- Titel
- Universities in Imperial Austria, 1848–1918
- Untertitel
- A Social History of a Multilingual Space
- Autor
- Jan Surman
- Verlag
- Purdue University Press
- Ort
- West Lafayette
- Datum
- 2019
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- ISBN
- 978-1-55753-861-1
- Abmessungen
- 16.5 x 25.0 cm
- Seiten
- 474
- Schlagwörter
- History, Austria, Eduction System, Learning
- Kategorien
- Geschichte Vor 1918
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- List of Illustrations vi
- List of Tables vii
- Acknowledgments ix
- Note on Language Use, Terminology, and Geography xi
- Abbreviations xiii
- Introduction A Biography of the Academic Space 1
- Chapter 1 Centralizing Science for the Empire 19
- Chapter 2 The Neoabsolutist Search for a Unified Space 49
- Chapterr 3 Living Out Academic Autonomy 89
- Chapter 4 German-Language Universities between Austrian and German Space 139
- Chapter 5 Habsburg Slavs and Their Spaces 175
- Chapter 6 Imperial Space and Its Identities 217
- Chapter 7 Habsburg Legacies 243
- Conclusion Paradoxes of the Central European Academic Space 267
- Appendix 1 Disciplines of Habilitation at Austrian Universities 281
- Appendix 2 Databases of Scholars at Cisleithanian Universities 285
- Notes 287
- Bibliography 383
- Index 445