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Landwehr#

Landwehr militia, originally (since the 16th century) comprised all men fit for military service to defend the country in case of invasions of enemy forces ( Militia). Owing to the pressure of the Napoleonic Wars the Austrian government decided in 1808 to establish a Landwehr according to the model of the guerrilla warfare of the Spanish people against the French occupation. Archduke Johann and foreign minister Johann Philipp, Graf von Stadion organised a Landwehr which gave momentum to the War of Liberation against Napoleon. The Landwehr was dissolved in 1852 and re-established in 1869 as national army in both parts of the empire (called Honved in Hungary) and as counterpart to the Austro-Hungarian army. This Landwehr consisted mainly of cavalry and infantry regiments and was subject to special "Ministries of Defence".

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