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these are the subjects of all such. If we call an individual man ‘skilled in
grammar’, the predicate is applicable also to the species and to the genus to
which he belongs. This law holds good in all cases.
It is a common characteristic of all sub. stance that it is never present in a
subject. For primary substance is neither present in a subject nor predicated of
a subject; while, with regard to secondary substances, it is clear from the
following arguments (apart from others) that they are not present in a subject.
For ‘man’ is predicated of the individual man, but is not present in any
subject: for manhood is not present in the individual man. In the same way,
‘animal’ is also predicated of the individual man, but is not present in him.
Again, when a thing is present in a subject, though the name may quite well
be applied to that in which it is present, the definition cannot be applied. Yet
of secondary substances, not only the name, but also the definition, applies to
the subject: we should use both the definition of the species and that of the
genus with reference to the individual man. Thus substance cannot be present
in a subject.
Yet this is not peculiar to substance, for it is also the case that differentiae
cannot be present in subjects. The characteristics ‘terrestrial’ and ‘two-footed’
are predicated of the species ‘man’, but not present in it. For they are not in
man. Moreover, the definition of the differentia may be predicated of that of
which the differentia itself is predicated. For instance, if the characteristic
‘terrestrial’ is predicated of the species ‘man’, the definition also of that
characteristic may be used to form the predicate of the species ‘man’: for
‘man’ is terrestrial.
The fact that the parts of substances appear to be present in the whole, as in
a subject, should not make us apprehensive lest we should have to admit that
such parts are not substances: for in explaining the phrase ‘being present in a
subject’, we stated’ that we meant ‘otherwise than as parts in a whole’.
It is the mark of substances and of differentiae that, in all propositions of
which they form the predicate, they are predicated univocally. For all such
propositions have for their subject either the individual or the species. It is
true that, inasmuch as primary substance is not predicable of anything, it can
never form the predicate of any proposition. But of secondary substances, the
species is predicated of the individual, the genus both of the species and of the
individual. Similarly the differentiae are predicated of the species and of the
individuals. Moreover, the definition of the species and that of the genus are
applicable to the primary substance, and that of the genus to the species. For
all that is predicated of the predicate will be predicated also of the subject.
Similarly, the definition of the differentiae will be applicable to the species
and to the individuals. But it was stated above that the word ‘univocal’ was
8
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156