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Whenever one premiss is necessary, the other problematic, there will be a
syllogism when the terms are related as before; and a perfect syllogism when
the minor premiss is necessary. If the premisses are affirmative the conclusion
will be problematic, not assertoric, whether the premisses are universal or not:
but if one is affirmative, the other negative, when the affirmative is necessary
the conclusion will be problematic, not negative assertoric; but when the
negative is necessary the conclusion will be problematic negative, and
assertoric negative, whether the premisses are universal or not. Possibility in
the conclusion must be understood in the same manner as before. There
cannot be an inference to the necessary negative proposition: for ‘not
necessarily to belong’ is different from ‘necessarily not to belong’.
If the premisses are affirmative, clearly the conclusion which follows is not
necessary. Suppose A necessarily belongs to all B, and let B be possible for
all C. We shall have an imperfect syllogism to prove that A may belong to all
C. That it is imperfect is clear from the proof: for it will be proved in the same
manner as above. Again, let A be possible for all B, and let B necessarily
belong to all C. We shall then have a syllogism to prove that A may belong to
all C, not that A does belong to all C: and it is perfect, not imperfect: for it is
completed directly through the original premisses.
But if the premisses are not similar in quality, suppose first that the
negative premiss is necessary, and let necessarily A not be possible for any B,
but let B be possible for all C. It is necessary then that A belongs to no C. For
suppose A to belong to all C or to some C. Now we assumed that A is not
possible for any B. Since then the negative proposition is convertible, B is not
possible for any A. But A is supposed to belong to all C or to some C.
Consequently B will not be possible for any C or for all C. But it was
originally laid down that B is possible for all C. And it is clear that the
possibility of belonging can be inferred, since the fact of not belonging is
inferred. Again, let the affirmative premiss be necessary, and let A possibly
not belong to any B, and let B necessarily belong to all C. The syllogism will
be perfect, but it will establish a problematic negative, not an assertoric
negative. For the major premiss was problematic, and further it is not possible
to prove the assertoric conclusion per impossibile. For if it were supposed that
A belongs to some C, and it is laid down that A possibly does not belong to
any B, no impossible relation between B and C follows from these premisses.
But if the minor premiss is negative, when it is problematic a syllogism is
possible by conversion, as above; but when it is necessary no syllogism can
be formed. Nor again when both premisses are negative, and the minor is
necessary. The same terms as before serve both for the positive relation-
white-animal-snow, and for the negative relation-white-animal-pitch.
78
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156