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true. Suppose that A belongs to B and to C in virtue of their nature, and that B
and C belong to all D in the same way. If then a man thinks that A belongs to
all B, and B to D, but A to no C, and C to all D, he will both know and not
know the same thing in respect of the same thing. Again if a man were to
make a mistake about the members of a single series; e.g. suppose A belongs
to B, B to C, and C to D, but some one thinks that A belongs to all B, but to
no C: he will both know that A belongs to D, and think that it does not. Does
he then maintain after this simply that what he knows, he does not think? For
he knows in a way that A belongs to C through B, since the part is included in
the whole; so that what he knows in a way, this he maintains he does not think
at all: but that is impossible.
In the former case, where the middle term does not belong to the same
series, it is not possible to think both the premisses with reference to each of
the two middle terms: e.g. that A belongs to all B, but to no C, and both B and
C belong to all D. For it turns out that the first premiss of the one syllogism is
either wholly or partially contrary to the first premiss of the other. For if he
thinks that A belongs to everything to which B belongs, and he knows that B
belongs to D, then he knows that A belongs to D. Consequently if again he
thinks that A belongs to nothing to which C belongs, he thinks that A does not
belong to some of that to which B belongs; but if he thinks that A belongs to
everything to which B belongs, and again thinks that A does not belong to
some of that to which B belongs, these beliefs are wholly or partially contrary.
In this way then it is not possible to think; but nothing prevents a man
thinking one premiss of each syllogism of both premisses of one of the two
syllogisms: e.g. A belongs to all B, and B to D, and again A belongs to no C.
An error of this kind is similar to the error into which we fall concerning
particulars: e.g. if A belongs to all B, and B to all C, A will belong to all C. If
then a man knows that A belongs to everything to which B belongs, he knows
that A belongs to C. But nothing prevents his being ignorant that C exists; e.g.
let A stand for two right angles, B for triangle, C for a particular diagram of a
triangle. A man might think that C did not exist, though he knew that every
triangle contains two right angles; consequently he will know and not know
the same thing at the same time. For the expression ‘to know that every
triangle has its angles equal to two right angles’ is ambiguous, meaning to
have the knowledge either of the universal or of the particulars. Thus then he
knows that C contains two right angles with a knowledge of the universal, but
not with a knowledge of the particulars; consequently his knowledge will not
be contrary to his ignorance. The argument in the Meno that learning is
recollection may be criticized in a similar way. For it never happens that a
man starts with a foreknowledge of the particular, but along with the process
of being led to see the general principle he receives a knowledge of the
140
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156