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particulars, by an act (as it were) of recognition. For we know some things
directly; e.g. that the angles are equal to two right angles, if we know that the
figure is a triangle. Similarly in all other cases.
By a knowledge of the universal then we see the particulars, but we do not
know them by the kind of knowledge which is proper to them; consequently it
is possible that we may make mistakes about them, but not that we should
have the knowledge and error that are contrary to one another: rather we have
the knowledge of the universal but make a mistake in apprehending the
particular. Similarly in the cases stated above. The error in respect of the
middle term is not contrary to the knowledge obtained through the syllogism,
nor is the thought in respect of one middle term contrary to that in respect of
the other. Nothing prevents a man who knows both that A belongs to the
whole of B, and that B again belongs to C, thinking that A does not belong to
C, e.g. knowing that every mule is sterile and that this is a mule, and thinking
that this animal is with foal: for he does not know that A belongs to C, unless
he considers the two propositions together. So it is evident that if he knows
the one and does not know the other, he will fall into error. And this is the
relation of knowledge of the universal to knowledge of the particular. For we
know no sensible thing, once it has passed beyond the range of our senses,
even if we happen to have perceived it, except by means of the universal and
the possession of the knowledge which is proper to the particular, but without
the actual exercise of that knowledge. For to know is used in three senses: it
may mean either to have knowledge of the universal or to have knowledge
proper to the matter in hand or to exercise such knowledge: consequently
three kinds of error also are possible. Nothing then prevents a man both
knowing and being mistaken about the same thing, provided that his
knowledge and his error are not contrary. And this happens also to the man
whose knowledge is limited to each of the premisses and who has not
previously considered the particular question. For when he thinks that the
mule is with foal he has not the knowledge in the sense of its actual exercise,
nor on the other hand has his thought caused an error contrary to his
knowledge: for the error contrary to the knowledge of the universal would be
a syllogism.
But he who thinks the essence of good is the essence of bad will think the
same thing to be the essence of good and the essence of bad. Let A stand for
the essence of good and B for the essence of bad, and again C for the essence
of good. Since then he thinks B and C identical, he will think that C is B, and
similarly that B is A, consequently that C is A. For just as we saw that if B is
true of all of which C is true, and A is true of all of which B is true, A is true
of C, similarly with the word ‘think’. Similarly also with the word ‘is’; for we
saw that if C is the same as B, and B as A, C is the same as A. Similarly
141
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156