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25
By reduction we mean an argument in which the first term clearly belongs
to the middle, but the relation of the middle to the last term is uncertain
though equally or more probable than the conclusion; or again an argument in
which the terms intermediate between the last term and the middle are few.
For in any of these cases it turns out that we approach more nearly to
knowledge. For example let A stand for what can be taught, B for knowledge,
C for justice. Now it is clear that knowledge can be taught: but it is uncertain
whether virtue is knowledge. If now the statement BC is equally or more
probable than AC, we have a reduction: for we are nearer to knowledge, since
we have taken a new term, being so far without knowledge that A belongs to
C. Or again suppose that the terms intermediate between B and C are few: for
thus too we are nearer knowledge. For example let D stand for squaring, E for
rectilinear figure, F for circle. If there were only one term intermediate
between E and F (viz. that the circle is made equal to a rectilinear figure by
the help of lunules), we should be near to knowledge. But when BC is not
more probable than AC, and the intermediate terms are not few, I do not call
this reduction: nor again when the statement BC is immediate: for such a
statement is knowledge.
26
An objection is a premiss contrary to a premiss. It differs from a premiss,
because it may be particular, but a premiss either cannot be particular at all or
not in universal syllogisms. An objection is brought in two ways and through
two figures; in two ways because every objection is either universal or
particular, by two figures because objections are brought in opposition to the
premiss, and opposites can be proved only in the first and third figures. If a
man maintains a universal affirmative, we reply with a universal or a
particular negative; the former is proved from the first figure, the latter from
the third. For example let stand for there being a single science, B for
contraries. If a man premises that contraries are subjects of a single science,
the objection may be either that opposites are never subjects of a single
science, and contraries are opposites, so that we get the first figure, or that the
knowable and the unknowable are not subjects of a single science: this proof
is in the third figure: for it is true of C (the knowable and the unknowable)
that they are contraries, and it is false that they are the subjects of a single
science.
Similarly if the premiss objected to is negative. For if a man maintains that
contraries are not subjects of a single science, we reply either that all
145
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156