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opposites or that certain contraries, e.g. what is healthy and what is sickly, are
subjects of the same science: the former argument issues from the first, the
latter from the third figure.
In general if a man urges a universal objection he must frame his
contradiction with reference to the universal of the terms taken by his
opponent, e.g. if a man maintains that contraries are not subjects of the same
science, his opponent must reply that there is a single science of all opposites.
Thus we must have the first figure: for the term which embraces the original
subject becomes the middle term.
If the objection is particular, the objector must frame his contradiction with
reference to a term relatively to which the subject of his opponent’s premiss is
universal, e.g. he will point out that the knowable and the unknowable are not
subjects of the same science: ‘contraries’ is universal relatively to these. And
we have the third figure: for the particular term assumed is middle, e.g. the
knowable and the unknowable. Premisses from which it is possible to draw
the contrary conclusion are what we start from when we try to make
objections. Consequently we bring objections in these figures only: for in
them only are opposite syllogisms possible, since the second figure cannot
produce an affirmative conclusion.
Besides, an objection in the middle figure would require a fuller argument,
e.g. if it should not be granted that A belongs to B, because C does not follow
B. This can be made clear only by other premisses. But an objection ought not
to turn off into other things, but have its new premiss quite clear immediately.
For this reason also this is the only figure from which proof by signs cannot
be obtained.
We must consider later the other kinds of objection, namely the objection
from contraries, from similars, and from common opinion, and inquire
whether a particular objection cannot be elicited from the first figure or a
negative objection from the second.
27
A probability and a sign are not identical, but a probability is a generally
approved proposition: what men know to happen or not to happen, to be or
not to be, for the most part thus and thus, is a probability, e.g. ‘the envious
hate’, ‘the beloved show affection’. A sign means a demonstrative proposition
necessary or generally approved: for anything such that when it is another
thing is, or when it has come into being the other has come into being before
or after, is a sign of the other’s being or having come into being. Now an
enthymeme is a syllogism starting from probabilities or signs, and a sign may
146
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Buch The Complete Aristotle"
The Complete Aristotle
- Titel
- The Complete Aristotle
- Autor
- Aristotle
- Datum
- ~322 B.C.
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- PD
- Abmessungen
- 21.0 x 29.7 cm
- Seiten
- 2328
- Schlagwörter
- Philosophy, Antique, Philosophie, Antike, Dialogues, Metaphysik, Metaphysics, Ideologie, Ideology, Englisch
- Kategorien
- Geisteswissenschaften
- International
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- Part 1; Logic (Organon) 3
- Categories 4
- On Interpretation 34
- Prior Analytics, Book I 56
- Prior Analytics, Book II 113
- Posterior Analytics, Book I 149
- Posterior Analytics, Book II 193
- Topics, Book I 218
- Topics, Book II 221
- Topics, Book III 237
- Topics, Book IV 248
- Topics, Book V 266
- Topics, Book VI 291
- Topics, Book VII 317
- Topics, Book VIII 326
- On Sophistical Refutations 348
- Part 2; Universal Physics 396
- Physics, Book I 397
- Physics, Book II 415
- Physics, Book III 432
- Physics, Book IV 449
- Physics, Book V 481
- Physics, Book VI 496
- Physics, Book VII 519
- Physics, Book VIII 533
- On the Heavens, Book I 570
- On the Heavens, Book II 599
- On the Heavens, Book III 624
- On the Heavens, Book IV 640
- On Generation and Corruption, Book I 651
- On Generation and Corruption, Book II 685
- Meteorology, Book I 707
- Meteorology, Book II 733
- Meteorology, Book III 760
- Meteorology, Book IV 773
- Part 3; Human Physics 795
- On the Soul, Book I 796
- On the Soul, Book II 815
- On the Soul, Book III 840
- On Sense and the Sensible 861
- On Memory and Reminiscence 889
- On Sleep and Sleeplessness 899
- On Dreams 909
- On Prophesying by Dreams 918
- On Longevity and the Shortness of Life 923
- On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration 929
- Part 4; Animal Physics 952
- The History of Animals, Book I 953
- The History of Animals, Book II translated 977
- The History of Animals, Book III 1000
- The History of Animals, Book IV 1029
- The History of Animals, Book V 1056
- The History of Animals, Book VI 1094
- The History of Animals, Book VII 1135
- The History of Animals, Book VIII 1150
- The History of Animals, Book IX 1186
- On the Parts of Animals, Book I 1234
- On the Parts of Animals, Book II 1249
- On the Parts of Animals, Book III 1281
- On the Parts of Animals, Book IV 1311
- On the Motion of Animals 1351
- On the Gait of Animals 1363
- On the Generation of Animals, Book I 1381
- On the Generation of Animals, Book II 1412
- On the Generation of Animals, Book III 1444
- On the Generation of Animals, Book IV 1469
- On the Generation of Animals, Book V 1496
- Part 5; Metaphysics 1516
- Part 6; Ethics and Politics 1748
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book I 1749
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book II 1766
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book III 1779
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IV 1799
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book V 1817
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI 1836
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VII 1851
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII 1872
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book IX 1890
- Nicomachean Ethics, Book X 1907
- Politics, Book I 1925
- Politics, Book II 1943
- Politics, Book III 1970
- Politics, Book IV 1997
- Politics, Book V 2023
- Politics, Book VI 2053
- Politics, Book VII 2065
- Politics, Book VIII 2091
- The Athenian Constitution 2102
- Part 7; Aesthetic Writings 2156